Hiv And Aids A Deadly Virus Essay - 1358 Words

HIV and AIDS Explained Sebastian V. Aparicio NorthWest Career and Technical Academy The human immunodeficiency virus commonly known as HIV, is a deadly virus if left untreated. Unfortunately there’s no cure, but ever since the outbreak 30 years ago in the United states, there have been many advances in drugs.5 The death of HIV has decreased, as well as the amount of people getting diagnosed. All in all, HIV has a unique life cycle with stages that it advances to, and has caused unwanted stigma and discrimination throughout the United States. HIV follows specific steps in order to infect the host. In the first step of the HIV life cycle, binding occurs. In this step, HIV attaches itself to a specific white blood cell known as CD4.1 These cells are responsible for sending signals to activate the immune system response in helping detect harmful pathogens.2 Fusion of the HIV and CD4 envelope then allows HIV to enter the CD4 cell.1 Once in the cell, reverse transcriptase is released in order to convert HIV RNA into HIV DNA.1 Because of that, HIV is now able to enter the CD4 nucleus. HIV then uses another enzyme integrase which allows HIV DNA to combine with CD4 DNA.1 Soon after, HIV proteins are made from the machinery of CD4; those proteins are the blueprints in making more HIV.1 The new HIV proteins and RNA assemble into new immature HIV once in the surface of the cell.1The last step is budding, in this step the new HIV goes outside ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on HIV/AIDS and Modern Medical Inventions1399 Words   |  6 Pages advancement in medical inventions, still the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the most challenging virus that will drag the human lives to the deadly disease acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It spreads its wings all over. HIV cannot be cured, but it can be prevented. It has become the greatest life threatening disease and affects unbelievably high percent of human beings. Nowadays, besides other deadly diseases, HIV/AIDS becomes more complex and crucial health issue that challenges severalRead MoreHIV Speech Essay732 Words   |  3 PagesHIV Speech It kills over 300,000 people a year. It can affect anyone regardless of your race, sex, or age. It cannot be seen, treated, readily detected or destroyed. It is capable of destroying millions of people without wars or violence. This thing is AIDS caused by the virus HIV-1. What would you do if you found out tomorrow you had AIDS? How would you react if a family member contracted the disease and was diagnosed with one to three years left to live? The HIV virusRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) And Herpes Simplex Virus930 Words   |  4 Pageseliminate even with assistance from advance modern medicine. In particular, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) are notorious for their capability to end a person’s way of life. These viral maladies are noted for their differences concerning methods of transmission in the body, distinct lack of prominent symptoms, and dissimilar treatments used on patients to ease the symptoms. HIV and HSV are both classified as sexually transmitted diseases, yet they are inherently differentRead MoreAids, Hiv, And Aids1726 Words   |  7 PagesAIDS and HIV in Africa Picture this: a young child who is very skinny, ribs and all other bones are showing through the skin, they are born with HIV. it then leads to AIDS, due to their parents. HIV is a Human Immunodeficiency Virus. If HIV is left untreated, it can lead to AIDS, which is an acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. In Nigeria, Africa millions of people have the disease of AIDS and HIV. There is not many treatment options or solutions for this serious issue that takes place all over theRead MoreHiv Is A Human Immunodeficiency Virus1721 Words   |  7 PagesPicture this: a young child who is very skinny, ribs and all other bones are showing through the skin, they are born with HIV. it then leads to AIDS, due to their parents. HIV is a Human Immunodeficiency Virus. If HIV is left untreated, it can lead to AIDS, which is an acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. In Nigeria, Africa millions of people have the disease of AIDS and HIV. There is not many treatment options or solutions for this serious is sue that takes place all over the country. There are aRead MoreA Research Study On Aids1396 Words   |  6 Pagesother diseases. AIDS, a disease that was first documented in the 1980 s, has been a very prominent disease throughout the world. The relationship between both of these diseases seems unlikely, but the similarities between both illnesses is astounding. The origination, causes, symptoms, and treatment are starkly similar between these two viruses, yet they are also very different. Although scientists do not know where AIDS originated, the majority of them agree that the origin of AIDS traces backRead MoreThe World Since The 1980s1154 Words   |  5 Pagesin the 1980s. A deadly virus emerged and spread faster than common sense could keep up, fueled by fear, paranoia, and prejudice. The disease was first dubbed GRID, an acronym for Gay-Related Immune Deficiency since it seemed to prey primarily on homosexual men. As it was observed that blood transfusion recipients and intravenous drug users were also contracting it the name was replaced with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and its precursor Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). As the decadeRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Hiv / Aids1306 Words   |  6 Pagesknown and feared viruses in the world today is HIV/AIDS. To fully understand on why HIV/AIDS is so deadly, we need to first understand and breakdown on what this virus exactly is. HIV is an acronym that stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Human means that only humans can be infected by this virus. Immunodeficiency means that this virus attacks and weakens your immune system to the point where your immune system can no longer protect your body. Virus means that it can only reproduce itself byRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Hiv / Aids1065 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough HIV/AIDS is on the rise together, we can put an end to the increasing numbers. Globally HIV/AIDS is growing rapidly by the end of 2015 the number of people infected and diagnosed could beat any of the previous year’s records. Shockingly enough, this statistic even stands true for our home state Kansas. These numbers may be rising because more people want to know their statuses and are becoming aware of the dangers hidden in this deadly virus. On the other hand, people may be living moreRead MoreHealth Disparities Among African Americans1453 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most common health inequities among African Americans is the HIV/AIDs virus. This viruses significance is relatively recent in human history, but the damage it has done since its inception is catastrophic. In order to understand the HIV/AIDs virus as a disease state, explo ration of the people who more often contract the disease, is vital to the understanding of its development. Combatting the health inequity of HIV among African Americans must be done in a manner that begins with the recognition

Explain the Function of Assessments in Learning and Development Free Essays

GROUP C – KNOWLEDGE BASED UNDERSTAND THE PRINCIPLES AND REQUIREMENTS OF ASSESSMENT 1. 1 EXPLAIN THE FUNCTION OF ASSESSMENT IN LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT Assessment can be used for many different purposes, including to identify students’ needs, plan and adapt courses, check that learning is taking place, motivate students, acknowledge learning and measure results. Assessment is used for various purposes. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain the Function of Assessments in Learning and Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Assessment for learning: where assessment helps teachers gain insight into what students understand in order to plan and guide instruction, and provide helpful feedback to students. Assessment as learning: where students develop an awareness of how they learn and use that awareness to adjust and advance their learning, taking responsibility for their learning. * Assessment of learning: where assessment informs students and teachers, as well as the broader educational community, of achievement at a certain point in time in order to celebrate success and support continued progress. Assessment must be planned with its purpose in mind. Assessment for, as and of learning all have a role to play in supporting and improving student learning, and must be appropriately balanced. The most important part of assessment is the interpretation and use of the information that is gathered for its intended purpose. Research and experience show that student learning is best supported when * Instruction and assessment are based on clear learning goals * Instruction and assessment are differentiated according to student learning needs * Students are involved in the learning process (they understand the learning goal and the criteria for quality work, receive and use descriptive feedback, and take steps to adjust their performance) Assessment is carried out to ensure that learning has taken place. If you do not assess the student you cannot assess their knowledge and skills in their learning area. The student needs guidance to understand what it is they have to learn, if they are doing well and how they may improve. Assessment is essential for this to happen. Assessment encourages students to ask questions on anything they have not fully understood and allows them to build on their strengths and learn from mistakes by listening to the assessor’s feedback. It is important that assessments are both valid and reliable. Validity relates to the question – does the assessment measure what it claims or appears to measure and can we make judgements based on the results of the assessment? The assessment must form a fair and balanced representation of the area of knowledge being assessed. Reliability relates to the accuracy of the marks or grades that result from the completion of the assessment. The results would need to be the same if the assessment was carried out by another person or directed to a similar student. In addition to being valid and reliable, assessments should also be: * Authentic – based on the candidate’s own work * Current – Still relevant/able to be completed at the time of the assessment * Sufficient – covering all the required elements. Word Count: 456 How to cite Explain the Function of Assessments in Learning and Development, Essays

Sport Like A Mixed Form Of Communication free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper Sport Like a Assorted Form of Communication Understanding of mass communicating without attending to feature coverage is practically impossible. Through the mass media, 1000000s and even one million millions of viewing audiences, hearers and readers are brought into the experience of a great athleticss public presentation. The emotional power of athleticss public presentation enchanted by slow-motion picture and musical sound path, can take you to breath off or convey cryings to you eyes. There are a batch of monolithic eyeglassess like the Super Bowl, the World Series, the NBA play-offs, the Olympic Games, College Football Games. Each of these athleticss activities takes in many 1000000s of dollars from telecasting grosss and dominates national athleticss intelligence for yearss or hebdomads. Cultural Importance Media athleticss provide dominant myths in modern civilization. Rituals are the perennial activities that act out myths. There are a batch of of import rites for people who found of athleticss activities. One of the such rites come to rule for a few hours or yearss or hebdomads the life of traditional small town, so the televised football, baseball, hoops, hockey, or other major game takes on cardinal importance for whole communities and parts during specific periods. Fans schedule their lives on certain yearss, particularly Saturdays or Sundays, around televised athleticss. The economic impact of media athleticss illustrates the cardinal importance to our civilization. For illustration: Statisticss shows that Americans spend more than 60 billion of dollars yearly on athleticss ( it is between 1 % or 2 % of Gross National Product ) . Bing a star in media athleticss in America means having a impermanent income in 6 or 7 figures. Personal Identification and Heroes Sports fans frequently identify themselves with squads, participants, and parts so that result takes on personal significance to them. Social psychological science has pointed out how personal designation with a group occurs when the self-identity of a individual takes on the frame of mention of the larger group. As satisfaction research points out, we use media to function both cognitive and affectional demands. Sports fans identify with # 8220 ; their # 8221 ; squads or stars and, through media, get information and apprehension about them and experience emotional designation with them. Media athleticss centre attending on specific persons, who through this procedure, go epic heroes and theoretical accounts for successful behavior. Sports today in our mass-mediated civilization provide ace originals to spur the imaginativeness and rule the ideals of young person and grownup likewise. Sport lefts fans see non merely great workss but besides the deflation of heroes in their bad minutes, the failure of authorization in crisis # 8211 ; a reassuring experience for common people all excessively cognizant of their ain restrictions. Subconsciously we may reflect, # 8220 ; If Mike Tyson or Wade Boggs or Pete Pose can non command his personal life, possibly my life is non so bad. Sports pages today examine the heroes in inside informations, warts and all, sketching inside informations of greedy contracts, after-hours drug maltreatment, and sex lives, but athleticss H eroes and their motivation power over others live on. Binary Resistances The influential Gallic anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss ( 1967 ) argued for the importance of placing the cardinal reversible struggles, or binary resistances in athleticss. One of such reversible struggles is a differentiation between single and team athleticss and typical gender forms in athletics. Female athleticss have traditionally been single. Tennis, swimming, ice-skating, golf, and gymnastic exercises come to mind. But the dominant media athleticss have been team athleticss # 8211 ; baseball, hoops, football, and hockey, among others. Women take part in single athleticss, which are less dominant in male-managed media. Another binary differentiation is the struggle between athletics participants and investors. Who should have the greater wagess, those who invest the capital in the concern side of athleticss or those who involved in athletics playing? With telecasting dollars making rising prices, both sides can go absurdly affluent, but participants frequently for merely brief periods of clip. The stuff world is that one group labours and one group invests capital, and their involvements struggle. The other obvious binary resistance in media athleticss distinguishes between playing and spectating. Classically, athleticss were heralded for all their benefits of wellness and fittingness to participants. But in the twenties century, media have made vicarious entree to athleticss the more prevailing and accessible signifier of engagement. This mediated signifier of engagement in athletics eliminates the benefits for physical wellness and reduced them to psychic, emotional, and societal benefits. While these benefits exist, they leave the possibility of fans taking an objectively passive and unhealthy life-style piece, fantasying themselves into a false self-image of action, energy, and triumph. Another differentiation can be made between unrecorded attending in the sphere and media take parting. Arena attending carries with it an environment of crowds, expressive behaviour of heartening and booing, and physical motion to and at the game. Media engagement, nevertheless, isolates the fan from the event and its crowd. The two experiments are really different. Fans sometimes make attempts to unite them. One can happen witnesss in spheres with wireless earplugs, field glassess, and telecasting sets to add on the media experience. Another valuable differentiation is elucidation of differences between print and electronic signifiers of athleticss communicating media. Electronic media allow instantaneous, real-time engagement in a athletics through telecasting or wireless. Print media allow delayed re-presentation of athleticss events and facts through newspapers, magazines, and books. In fact, the assorted media reciprocally support each other in athleticss coverage, and fans normally follow a mixture of electronic and print media. Different surveies and analysis opens up many of the interior dimensions of the experience of athleticss and media. Understanding athleticss, media, and spectacle reveals both inside informations and generalisations about our civilization and our general humanity. 357

Simile, Metaphor, Personification, Hyperbole with Examples Essay Example

Simile, Metaphor, Personification, Hyperbole with Examples Paper Simile a comparison using like or as Personification giving human qualities to animals or objects Metaphor Time is money. Hyperbole extreme exaggeration Metaphor comparison not using the word like or as Personification The sun played hide and seek with the clouds. Simile She is as sweet as pie. Personification The stars in the sky blinked and winked. Metaphor She froze with fear. Hyperbole Im starving. Metaphor She has a bubbly personality. Hyperbole Hes driving me crazy. Simile The street felt as hot as the surface of the sun. Simile This pudding is as smooth as silk. Personification The leaves on the ground danced in the wind. Hyperbole Ill just die if I dont go to the party. Simile It flew as high as a kite. Metaphor The internet is the information super highway. Personification The teapot sang as the water boiled. Hyperbole You snore louder than a freight train.

Free Essays on Art And The Aeneid

The Depiction of Augustus through Art â€Å" This is the man, this one, Of whom so often you have heard the promise, Caesar Augustus, son of the deified, Who shall bring once again an Age of Gold.† Aenied (VI. 1062-1065) After defeating Mark Antony in 31 B.C., Augustus became the First Emperor of Rome. Under Augustus’ power, the Roman Empire rose to power and conquered most of Europe and parts of Northern Africa. By the time Augustus died in 14 B.C., Romans grew to worship their leader like a god, but still human. With art, people can compare several pieces to get a sense of the artist’s motives for depicting a person in a certain way. Looking at the piece Head of Augustus and comparing it to The Head of Aphrodite, a divine figure and The Portrait of Man, a human figure, the question to ponder is how does the artist portrays the leader as both a human and divine figure. The Head of Aphrodite has many idealized features in order to capture the essence of Aphrodite as a divine figure. The skin of Aphrodite is perfectly smooth and doesn’t have any discolorations. Her facial features are extremely symmetrical and proportional. It seems that the artist took extreme care to center and space Aphrodite’s nose and lips. Augustus has the same impeccable skin, not even having any cracks or chips in the marble. His nose and mouth are centered and placed precisely just like Aphrodite’s facial features. In particular, his lips are so perfect that it almost seems like the artist have been made from a mold. His lips are not like that of a human being because they do not have any cracks to show lines that human lips normally have. If the artist of Head of Augustus wanted to portray him with more human characteristics, he would’ve had facial features similar to The Portrait of Man, aren’t centered and not proportional to the rest of his face. The Portrait of Man has a nose that is too large for his small head. The ar... Free Essays on Art And The Aeneid Free Essays on Art And The Aeneid The Depiction of Augustus through Art â€Å" This is the man, this one, Of whom so often you have heard the promise, Caesar Augustus, son of the deified, Who shall bring once again an Age of Gold.† Aenied (VI. 1062-1065) After defeating Mark Antony in 31 B.C., Augustus became the First Emperor of Rome. Under Augustus’ power, the Roman Empire rose to power and conquered most of Europe and parts of Northern Africa. By the time Augustus died in 14 B.C., Romans grew to worship their leader like a god, but still human. With art, people can compare several pieces to get a sense of the artist’s motives for depicting a person in a certain way. Looking at the piece Head of Augustus and comparing it to The Head of Aphrodite, a divine figure and The Portrait of Man, a human figure, the question to ponder is how does the artist portrays the leader as both a human and divine figure. The Head of Aphrodite has many idealized features in order to capture the essence of Aphrodite as a divine figure. The skin of Aphrodite is perfectly smooth and doesn’t have any discolorations. Her facial features are extremely symmetrical and proportional. It seems that the artist took extreme care to center and space Aphrodite’s nose and lips. Augustus has the same impeccable skin, not even having any cracks or chips in the marble. His nose and mouth are centered and placed precisely just like Aphrodite’s facial features. In particular, his lips are so perfect that it almost seems like the artist have been made from a mold. His lips are not like that of a human being because they do not have any cracks to show lines that human lips normally have. If the artist of Head of Augustus wanted to portray him with more human characteristics, he would’ve had facial features similar to The Portrait of Man, aren’t centered and not proportional to the rest of his face. The Portrait of Man has a nose that is too large for his small head. The ar...

Amadeus

An overview of the movie Amadeus. A discussion of the movie Amadeus; which was directed by Milos Forman, and released during 1984. This paper shows how the film is an adaptation of Peter Shaffers Broadway hit, and is considered as an expansion of a Viennese urban legend concerning the death of the great musical genius Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The paper discusses the storyline in the film and touches on the music which appeared in the movie.Salieri now had his big plan for the final demise of Mozart, and the beginning of fame for himself. He put on a costume that Leopold had on at a party while visiting Mozart, and then went to visit with Mozart.During this visit, he pretended to be a mysterious benefactor and commissions the backbreaking Requiem, which eventually cost Mozart his health and life.Salieri knew that with Mozarts lifestyle, that Mozart didnt have much longer to live, so with the Requiem in hand, he planned for it to be played at a mass for Mozart, taking all credit for the composition, which would be the beginning of his fame. The plan didnt work and the Requiem wasnt finished until later by Mozarts pupil Sussmayer.Also, there was no great mass for Mozart.All that Salieri gained was guilt, which followed him to his last days.

Business Law (International) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Law (International) - Essay Example Some of the US based companies and exporting manufacturers are not aware of piracy, counterfeiting and theft of their patent or trademark in other countries. It was reported that the brand name, products, packaging style and business plans of some US companies have been copied by some businesses abroad. For this reason, it is recommended that businesses must seek trademark and patent protection in their concerned foreign market ahead of exporting to such markets. The protection of intellectual properties varies widely around the world. When intellectual property becomes more important in international trade, the differences between different protection acts become a source of problem in international economic relation. In 1994, the agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) was negotiated at the end of Uruguay Round of the GATT administered by World Trade Organization. TRIPS put forward requirements that countries laws are expected to meet rights for protecting copyrights, geographical indications, integrated layout- designs, patents, and industrial designs. The Anti- counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) is currently negotiated by the governments of United State, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Japan, Canada and Mexico. ACTA imposed strong enforcement of intellectual property pertaining to internet activity and information based trading. The WTO’s TRIPS agreement attempts to reduce the gaps in protecting intellectual property around the world and to bring them under systematic international rules. Philippe Sands says that the 1994 WTO TRIPS agreement establishes a regime requiring WTO members to make patents available for any inventions, whether product or processes, in all fields of technology without discrimination, subject to the normal tests of novelty, inventiveness and applicability. It also requires that

What Caused World War 2 and Why Did the US Become Involved in It Research Paper - 1

What Caused World War 2 and Why Did the US Become Involved in It - Research Paper Example The Weimar Germany steamed trouble that drove towards the Second World War. The treaty received a lot of dissatisfaction claims from the Germans included the loss of part of its territories and the tribute that the Germans had to pay as reparations for the war effects. Besides this reason, the Italian fascism of the 1920s, the Japanese military development, the attack on China in 1930s and the Nazis take overinclusive with Adolf Hitler all point to the Second World War. In 1933 after Hitler and his Nazi fellows had taken over power, the grievances of the Germans over the lost war became apparent with the demands raised as part of the Nazi ideology. The demands proved more ambitious and included the uniting of the German community in one nation and the demand that led to the acquisition of space commonly referred to as â€Å"living space†. The living space used as a way of cleaning the country. Through it, the Germans gained access to the East and colonized the territories he found. The actions of the Nazis created tensions in the other states through these ideologies developed. Then started the colonization effects with Italy claiming over Ethiopia, Japan over Manchuria in the year 1931 and its avid entry into China in 1937 and the Germans rearmament and remilitarization of the Rhine lands at around 1936. The Germans went further to divide the Eastern part of Europe into a Nazi and the Soviet areas each with different levels of influence. The Danzig crisis followed that triggered the war in Europe at around 1939. In addition, competition for resources played a role in creating the Second World War.

Comparing Poetry Essay Example for Free

Comparing Poetry Essay Poetry is when an emotion has found its thought and the thought has found words. Good morning Ms Linton and students, today I will be informing you on why you must choose these two poems for the poetry speaking contest. The poems I have chosen are ‘The Man from Ironbark’, by Banjo Patterson as well as ‘He Started the Cycling Craze’ by myself. Narratives help the readers enjoy and understand poetry as it is a way the poets can connect to their readers by using storylines that may relate to them or something that they enjoy. Storylines of narratives play a major role and without these the readers would not be able to understand what is happening in the story. The story line of ‘The Man from Ironbark’ is about a man who wants his beard to be shaved, so this man heads off to the barber. The barber pulls out a razor and starts to shave his throat. The man from Ironbark fears the barber is a murderer who wants to cut his throat. The storyline of ‘He Started the Cycling Craze’ is about a man who decides to buy a new bike so he goes off to the bike shop. He buys a bike then rides it home and on the way home he rode up the hill then started to roll back. Once he had rolled down the hill he ended up in the creek. Both of these storylines are different in their own way, but one similarity is that a man leaves his home, goes somewhere and in both poems they make a mistake. In all poems there is a difference, but some may be similar in one way or another. The difference between these two poems is that they both contain various poetry techniques and they are both based on individual topics. Each poet uses several techniques and have a different style of writing. In this case these poems are similar as one was re-written from a poem written by the author of the other poem. Every poem can have differences and similarities to other poems. In poetry the poets describe the characters and settings so that the reader can view the image in their head, here is a quote from ‘The Man from Ironbark’ ‘The barber man was small and flash, as barbers mostly are, He wore a strike-your-fancy sash, he smoked a huge cigar:’ This describes how the barber looks and what he is holding. In this part of the poem he is stereotyping barbers to that that they are both small and flash. This helps the reader imagine what the main character is seeing. And from ‘He Started the Cycling Craze’ ‘He started to roll down the hill swerving a tree, and almost being stung by a big fat bee, nearly at the lake he had to swerve a car’. This describes what the man on the bike is enduring and what he is seeing. By describing surrounding and what people look like, it allows the reader to create an image in their head of what is happening in the poem. In poetry the poets use poetic devices to make the poems more interesting, this helps the reader keep interest in what they are reading. In ‘The Man from Ironbark’ the poetic devices used include; rhyme, rhythm, repetition, imagery, alliteration, and metaphors. The rhyming patter is a,a,b,b,c,c and the rhythm is shown by the rhyme and the flow or the poem. An example of alliteration is ‘upon the newly shaven skin it made a livid mark. ’ As well as ‘brow grew black’. Imagery is shown in many parts of the poem but particularly when he is describing the barber. ‘The barber man was small and flash, as barbers mostly are, he wore a strike-your-fancy sash, he smoked a huge cigar. ’ The metaphor was shown when he referred to the man as a dog. The devices used in ‘He Started the Cycling Craze’ includes rhyme which is used in a pattern of ‘a,b,b,a’ as well as rhythm which is seen by the rhyme and flow of the poem. Alliteration was also used in the line ‘and almost being stung by a big fat bee. ’ Imagery was also used when describing what was on the road when he was swerving so that he didn’t fall off of his bike. Overall there are many different poetic devices used in poetry and this is shown through these poems. In summary poets use different techniques and devices in their poems so that the poem becomes for intriguing so the reader continues to read on. Devices are used in poetry so that the readers have something to laugh or cry about and are intrigued to read other poems by the poet. Storylines of poems are important as they help describe what is happening in the poem and the reader is able to understand what the characters are doing. To wrap up these two poems should be chosen for the poetry speaking contest as they use various devices and techniques which allows the reader to continue interest in the poem as it goes on.

Masculinity in Deliverance by James Dickey Essay -- Establishment of M

Masculinity in Deliverance by James Dickey The novel Deliverance by James Dickey portrays the essence of middle-aged men experiencing the mid-life crisis through which they must prove to themselves and more importantly every one else that they still possess the strength, bravery, intelligence, and charm believed to be society's ideal of "masculinity." Dickey's four main characters undertake a risky adventure to satisfy their egotistical complexes and prove to the world that they are still the strong young men their wives married. Each character represents a different stereotype of the middle-aged man, and therefore experiences a different type of psychological and physical journey than their peers. The character Drew Ballinger in Deliverance is a sales supervisor at a soft-drink company who is very devoted to his son and his job. Drew is the character who represents the middle-aged man's desire for talent and attention. Drew plays the guitar and his music is his true companion. Without having any talent, as he would be the first to tell you, Drew played mighty well, through sheer devotion.(Dickey, 11) For Drew the highlight of this trip is his duo with Lonnie, an uneducated banjo player. Drew obviously finds this the most exhilarating part of the adventure in that he is the center of attention and is playing very well with a talented young man. I had never heard him play so well, and I really began to listen deeply, moved as an unmusical person is moved when he sees that the music is meant†¦.I could not see Drew's face, but the back of his neck was sheer joy†¦I was glad for Drew's sake that we had come. Jus... ...ecame a possession to me, a personal, private possession, as nothing else in my life ever had. Now it ran nowhere but in my head, but there it ran as though immortally. I could feel it - I can feel it - on different places on my body. It pleases me in some curious way that the river does not exist, and that I have it. In me it still is, and will be until I die, green, rocky, deep, fast, slow and beautiful beyond reality†¦The river underlies†¦everything that I do. It is always finding a way to serve me†¦(Dickey, 275-6) Thus, Ed is the protagonist and hero of Deliverance. It is through this perilous voyage that Drew, Bobby, Lewis, and Ed undertake, that they prove their "masculinity," or lack there of, to themselves and to the society in which they live. Works Cited Dickey, James Deliverance. 1970. New York: Dell Publishing, 1994. Masculinity in Deliverance by James Dickey Essay -- Establishment of M Masculinity in Deliverance by James Dickey The novel Deliverance by James Dickey portrays the essence of middle-aged men experiencing the mid-life crisis through which they must prove to themselves and more importantly every one else that they still possess the strength, bravery, intelligence, and charm believed to be society's ideal of "masculinity." Dickey's four main characters undertake a risky adventure to satisfy their egotistical complexes and prove to the world that they are still the strong young men their wives married. Each character represents a different stereotype of the middle-aged man, and therefore experiences a different type of psychological and physical journey than their peers. The character Drew Ballinger in Deliverance is a sales supervisor at a soft-drink company who is very devoted to his son and his job. Drew is the character who represents the middle-aged man's desire for talent and attention. Drew plays the guitar and his music is his true companion. Without having any talent, as he would be the first to tell you, Drew played mighty well, through sheer devotion.(Dickey, 11) For Drew the highlight of this trip is his duo with Lonnie, an uneducated banjo player. Drew obviously finds this the most exhilarating part of the adventure in that he is the center of attention and is playing very well with a talented young man. I had never heard him play so well, and I really began to listen deeply, moved as an unmusical person is moved when he sees that the music is meant†¦.I could not see Drew's face, but the back of his neck was sheer joy†¦I was glad for Drew's sake that we had come. Jus... ...ecame a possession to me, a personal, private possession, as nothing else in my life ever had. Now it ran nowhere but in my head, but there it ran as though immortally. I could feel it - I can feel it - on different places on my body. It pleases me in some curious way that the river does not exist, and that I have it. In me it still is, and will be until I die, green, rocky, deep, fast, slow and beautiful beyond reality†¦The river underlies†¦everything that I do. It is always finding a way to serve me†¦(Dickey, 275-6) Thus, Ed is the protagonist and hero of Deliverance. It is through this perilous voyage that Drew, Bobby, Lewis, and Ed undertake, that they prove their "masculinity," or lack there of, to themselves and to the society in which they live. Works Cited Dickey, James Deliverance. 1970. New York: Dell Publishing, 1994.

Positive Feedbacks in the Economy

Positive Feedbacks in the Economy A new economic theory elucidates mechanisms whereby small chance events early in the history of an industry or technology can tilt the competitive balance by W. Brian Arthur onventional economic theory is built on the assumption of diminishing renrrns. Economic actions engender a negative feedback that leads to a predictable equilibrium for prices and market shares. Such feedback tends to stabilize the economy because any major changes will be offset by the very reactions they generate. The high oil prices of the 1970's ncouraged energy conservation and increased oil exploration, precipitat- ing a predictable drop in prices by the early 1980's. According to conventional theory the equilibrium marks the ‘best† outcome possible under the cir- natives will be the â€Å"best† one. Furthermore, once random economic events select a particular path the choice may become locked-in regardless of the advantages of the alternatives. If one pr oduct or nationin a competitive [email  protected] gets ahead by â€Å"chance,† it tends to stay ahead and even increase its lead. hedictable, shared markets are no longer guaranteed.During the past few years I and other economic theorists at Stanford University, the Santa Fe Insurute in New Mexico and elsewhere have been developing a view of the economy based Such a market is initially unstable. Both systems were introduced at about the same time and so began with roughly equal market shares; those shares fluctuated early on because of external circumstance, â€Å"luclC' and corporate maneuvering. Increasing returns on early gains eventually tilted the competition toward VHS: it accumulated enough of an advantage to take vhrually the entire VCR market.Yet it would have been impossible at the outset of the competition to say which system would win, which of the two possible equilibria would be se- Such an agreeable picture often on positive feedback. Increasing-returns eco nomics has roots that go back 70 years or more, but its application to the economy as a whole is does violence to reality. In many parts largely new. The theory has strong lected. Furthermore, if the claim that Beta was technically superior is true, then the market's choice did not represent the best economic outcome. Conventional economic theory of- stabilizing forces arallels with modern nonlinear physics (instead of the pre-ZOth-century physical models that underlie conventional economics), it requires new and challenging mathematical techniques between two technologies or products performing the same function. An example is the competition between water and coal to generate electricity. As cumstances: the most efficient use and allocation of resources. of the economy, appear not to operate. Instead positive feedback magnifies the effects of small economic shifts; the economic models that describe such effects differ vastly from the conventional ones.Diminishing returns imply a s ingle equilibrium point for the economy, but positive feedback-increasing returns-makes for many possible equilibrium points. There is no guarantee that the particular economic outcome selected from among the many alterW. BRIANARTHUR is Morrison hofes- sor of Population Studies and Economics at Stanford University. He obtained his Ph. D. from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1973 and holds graduate degtees in operations research, economics and mathematics. Until recently Arthur was on leave at the Santa Fe Institute, a research insdrute dedicated o the srudy of complex systems. There he directed a team of economists, physicists, biologists and others investigating behavior of the economy as an evolving, complex system. and it appears lTth† history of the videocassette I recorder furnishes a simple exI ample of positive feedbaik. the vcR market started out with two competing formats selling at about the same price: VIIS and Beta. Ehch format could realize increasing r erurns as its market share increased: large numbers of VHS recorders would encourage video outlets to stock more prerecorded tapes in VHS format, thereby enhancing the value of owning a WIS ecorder and leading more people to buy one. (The same would, of course, be true for Beta-format players. ) Ir this way, a small gain in market share would improve the competitive position of one system and help it further increase its lead. 92 Scrrmrrc AMERTcAN to be the appropri- ate theory for understanding modern high-technology economies. February 1990 fers a different view of competition hydroelectric plants take more of the market, engineers must exploit more costly dam sites, thereby increasing the chance that a coal-fired plant will be cheaper. As coal plants take more f the market, they bid up the price of coal (or trigger the imposition of costly pollution controls) and so tip the balance toward hydropower. The two technologies end up sharing the market in a predictable proportion that best e>'qploits the potentials of each, in contrast to what happened to the two video-recorder systems. The evolution of the VCR market would not have surprised the great Victorian economist Alfred Marshall, one of the founders of today's conventional economics. In his 1890 Pr'nciples of Economics, he noted that if firms' production costs fall as their arket shares increase, a firm that simply by good fortune gained a high proportion of the market early on would be able to best its rivals; ‘uhatever firm first gets a good start† would corner the market. Marshall did not follow up this observatior however, and theoretical economics has until recently largely ignored it. Marshall did not believe that increasing returns applied everywhere; agriculture and mining-the mainstays of the economies of his timewere subject to diminishing returns caused by limited amounts of fertile land or high-quality ore deposits.Manufacturing, on the other hand, eqioyed increasing returns becau se large plants allowed improved organization Modern economists do not see economies of scale as a reliable source of increasing returns. Sometimes large plants have proved more economical; often they have not. would update Marshall's insight by observing that the parts of the economy that are resource-based (agficulI ture, bulk-goods production, mining) are still for the most part subject to diminishing returns. Here conventional economics rightly holds sway.The parts of the economy that are knowledge-based, on the other hand, are largely subject to increasing retums. Products such as computers, pharmaceuticals, missiles, aircraft, automobiles, software, telecommunications equipment or fiber optics are complicated to design and to manufacture. They require large initial investments in research, development and tooling, but once sales begin, incremental production is relatively cheap. A new airframe or aircraft engine, for example, typically costs between $2 and $3 billion to design , develop, certify and put into production.Each copy thereafter costs perhaps $50 to $100 million. As more units are built, unit costs continue to fall and profits increase. Increased production brings additional benefits: producing more units means gaining more experience in the uct so as to be able to exchange information with those using it already. manufacturing process and achieving greater understanding of how to produce additional units even more mechanisms that did not involve technology. Orthodox economists avoided increasing returns for deeper reasons. cheaply. Moreover, er

Chiquitas Global Turnaround Essay

Executive Summary This report details several international management problems that Chiquita has been faced with over the past two decades. Many of these problems are to do with the company’s previously poor image when it came to Corporate and Social responsibility. Over the years Chiquita faced many accusations about the conditions workers were faced with at many of their facilities in Latin America and have also had their environmental policies questioned many times in the press. The company has made great strides in recent years in improving their public image with regards to corporate and social responsibility. In particular Chiquita’s commitment to the Better Bananas Project has helped improve their public image along with the continued work they are doing with the South American communities who farm their bananas. The Company also faced a significant legal and regulation of trade problem when the EU’s 1993 integration program saw tariffs on the company imports to Europe gre atly increased and their market share halved almost overnight. This report recommends that instead of going through a costly legal battle to gain re-entry to the European Banana market the company instead focuses on newer emerging markets such as Asia. Introduction Chiquita Brands International is a multinational producer, distributor and marketer of bananas, sourcing many of its produce from developing countries in Latin America. Banana industries have long been tarnished as having unethical business standards forcing companies such as Chiquita to take on ‘Corporate Social Responsibility’ (CSR). CSR has been an essential element for Chiquita to take into consideration for a global turnaround. Vital aspects Chiquita had to consider were commitment to legal, ethical, environmental and social standards. These factors are at the most forefront to resolving CSR issues. Another key issue affecting the organisation was its struggles with access to a free market in the EU. The trade regulations the company faced through quotas and tariffs not only cut the company’s market share by over 50 percent but also negatively affected their ability to compete in the EU. These issues are seen as critical for the firm as it weakened its compet itive edge considerably. Chiquita has taken actions against these issues in the past several years however there are several solutions that could strengthen the company even further so that they remain the worlds leading supplier of bananas. Key Issues Issue #1: Corporate Social Responsibly After analysing the case in full depth it has come to our knowledge that corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a major international business issue affecting Chiquita. CSR is becoming a huge business venture in today’s corporate world. People are becoming more aware of business ethics and practices that don’t coincide with what they agree is morally correct and right. (Anglo American, 2012) Business practices have therefore moved from being profit maximisation focused to having social, cultural, technological and political focal points; or a ‘quadruple bottom line’ approach in order to create a company that is socially correct with a positive image. (LGAM, 2013) In 2003 Chiquita had 19,000 workers in its banana division with over 100 farms across Latin America. These countries are typically developing countries that have struggled with poverty, literacy and access to health care. The banana industry has long been for its support of child labour, unsafe w orking conditions, sexual discrimination and low wages leading to Human rights groups organising campaigns against all banana companies to improve social conditions on their plantations. (Luthans, F., & P. Doh, J. 2012). CSR is stated as â€Å"the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large†. (Business Respects, no date) Therefore Chiquita’s image in the 1990’s of being a company that was â€Å"cold, uncaring, and indifferent, frustrated with mediocre returns, a lack of innovation, and a demoralized workforce† lead to the company becoming considerably unpopular with the public and business partners, which contributed to a decrease in growth rates. For example, in 1998 Chiquita fell a victim of an undercover investigation into dangerous and illegal business practices. The Cincinnati Enquirer, a paper based in Kentucky, accused the company guilty of â€Å"labour, human rights, environmental and political violations† in central America, leaving an â€Å"unsavoury impression of our company† according to Jeff Zalla, current corporate responsibility officer at Chiquita. (Luthans, F., & P. Doh, J. 2012). The centre of the debate about the CSR is the nature and extent of corporate obligations that extend beyond the economic and legal responsibilities of the firm. â€Å"The idea of social responsibilities supposes that the corporation has not only economic and legal obligations, but also certain responsibilities to society which extend beyond these obligations† (McGuire, 1963: 144). The issue is therefore critical for the firm as it is in the business’s long-term self-interest to be socially responsible. If Chiquita wants to have a healthy climate in which to function in the future, it must take actions now to ensure its long-term viability. Ultimately it will benefit the company by â€Å"winning the public† because the public believe firms should take on social responsibility. Issue #2: Tariff Regulations from the EU Another international business issue that had a significant effect on Chiquita’s day to day operations was the European Union’s (EU) decision to impose significantly higher tariffs and quotas on Chiquita’s imports from Latin American countries, in favour of their former colonies in the Caribbean and Africa, beginning in 1993. These new Tariff’s not only cut the company’s market share by over 50 percent but also significantly affected their ability to compete in the EU’s $6.7 Billion USD banana market. (Luthans, & P. Doh, 2012). This was a massive regulation of trade issue for Chiquita as they believed the EU’s decision to grant their former colonies preferential tariff rates was in direct violation of the fair trade principles specified in the WTO. These principles stated that countries must not discriminate against one another in their trade relations. (Luthans, & P. Doh, 2012). One of the key sub-issues that caused this issue for Chi quita was the EU’s 1992 integration program which saw the 12 member nations of the EU do away with their previously separate banana import regime’s and implement one uniform set of tariffs for the whole EU. (Patterson, 2001) This important change in international law saw Chiquita go from only having some quotas to deal with when exporting to the EU to now having to pay an extra 33% tariff than their rival importers from ACP countries. (Patterson, 2001) Although the EU’s new regime was immediately protested by the U.S.A and many Latin American countries this presented another significant legal international management problem for Chiquita. Not only had their market share been halved, drastically cutting into their profits, but they also now faced the prospect of a lengthy and expensive legal battle to be able to once again import their bananas to Europe at a fair rate. (Luthans, & P. Doh, 2012). Strategic options Corporate Social responsibility Chiquita began to initiate corporate social responsibility projects in 1992 but initiated projects aimed at implementing its CSR efforts on a global scale in 1998, (Luthans, & P. Doh, 2012). By 1999 Chiquita had adopted four key values, integrity, respect, opportunity and responsibility, which now guide all business decision-making worldwide, (Luthans, & P. Doh, 2012). In 2000 Chiquita appointed a full time officer responsible for all aspects of Chiquita’s CSR. This implementation as well as the four core values has helped drive a responsible change throughout the entire company, (Chiquita – Social Responsibility Is How We Conduct Business, 2013). It has meant all business decisions have had to be evaluated through the corporate responsibility policies, (Luthans, & P. Doh, 2012). Chiquita’s development of social responsibility efforts has developed significantly by expanding on the businesses code of conduct to outline the responsibilities and practices of the or ganisation, as well as adopting legal agreements to establish business standards, (Luthans, & P. Doh, 2012). Chiquita’s have resolved social conditions on all their plantations by using both these strategies. They expanded their code of conduct in 2000 to include Social Accountability 8000, followed by signing a worker rights agreement in 2001, (Luthans, & P. Doh, 2012). This covered areas such as food safety, labour standards, employee health and safety, environmental protection, and legal compliance, all which have been a long tarnished image in the banana industry. It has been proven to be a very effective tool for measuring and improving business practices to better serve the communities and individual consumers, (Chiquita – Social Responsibility Is How We Conduct Business, 2013). In order to adhere to the organizations core values, Chiquita routinely performs audits, to plan corrective and future actions using the firms core values and code of conduct as decision- making guides. This implementation has contributed significantly to allow Chiquita’s to maintain better CSR practices. An alternative solution for Chiquita is to contribute to local communities in an interactive way. Chiquita’s could set up programs to promote healthy living, particularly that educate children on nutrition and encourage them to lead healthier lives. Chiquita employees could do this by visiting local schools, events or other business firms in the community. To promote healthier living to people they could give out produce to the community to encourage eating healthier foods and give tips to men, women and particularly children about nutrition enforcing the idea of healthy living. Chiquita could also allow schools to visit their farms on an education basis. This gives the opportunity for Chiquita employees to get involved in supporting the community and has the added benefit of portraying a great social responsibility effort for Chiquita. Furthermore on the idea of allowing people to visit their farms, Chiquita could alternatively charge people a small dona tion, where a percentage of the profit could be given to charity or an ongoing event in the community. Tariff Regulations from the EU From the time that the new regime was put in place in 1993, Chiquita, along with the United States, filed complaints to both the General Agreement of Trade and Tariffs (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) implying that there were violations of free trade from the EU (Doh & Luthans, 2012). There were two complaints made to GATT the first, issued in February 1993, outlined that the new regime (Mark II) was ‘protectionist, discriminatory and restrictive’. While the second; was initiated by five Latin American plaintiffs on the first of July, 1993 (Read, 2005). While the GATT panel ruled that the Mark II regime violated GATT commitments, the EU refused to adapt the ruling made by GATT. In May 1997, the WTO ruled that the EU’s Mark II regime violated WTO obligations under the GATT on trade and services and the agreement on import licensing procedures (Doh & Luthans, 2012). Some of these licensing procedures included: Operator categories, activity functions, ex port certificates and hurricane licenses (Read, 2001). The EU was then required by the WTO, to bring its banana regime compliance by January 1999. This was brought about by the various amounts of import licenses that the EU used in which the WTO panel found that these licenses breached the GATT and the General Agreement on Trade in Services as it prevented competition in the EU (Read, 2005). However, the EU did not comply and so, the United States was allowed to enforce regulatory tariffs onto specific EU imports as a response towards the EU’s failure to implement the WTO rulings as well as the violations of the GATT trade rules (Read, 2005) It was not until April, 2001 that the United States and the EU announced that they had resolved their dispute but reaching an agreement. The agreement took effect on the first of July, 2001 during which the United States suspended retaliatory sanctions and the import of bananas from Latin America returned to the levels it was at before the 1993 regime change (Doh & Luthans, 2012). Final Recommendation An alternate option that Chiquita could have undertaken is that rather than focusing on regaining the European market, they could have looked towards expanding to a new regional market such as Asia. Evidence from the Chiquita’s website shows that they have yet to expand to the Asian market (Chiquita Homepage, 2013). Four out of the top five countries for banana consumption in the world come from Asia; these countries being: India, China, Indonesia and the Philippines (WolframAlpha: Banana Consumption, 2007). Upon entering the Asian market, Chiquita should approach with either a polycentric or regiocentric predisposition. Polycentric and regiocentric predisposition is, respectively; â€Å"a philosophy of management whereby strategic decisions are tailored to suit the cultures of the countries where the multinational corporation operates† and â€Å"the philosophy of management whereby the firm tries to blend its own interests with those of its subsidiaries on a regional basis† (Doh & Luthans, 2012). These two approaches would be good for entering into the Asian market as Asian cultures tend to be high context cultures in which negotiations are slow and ritualistic; whereas for and American-based company such as Chiquita, are used to low context cultures where negotiations are made efficiently as possible (Cavusgil, Freeman, Knight, Ranmal & Risenberger, 2012). These two approaches will allow for Chiquita to become more compatible with the Asian market. Implications of this however, is that the time and money spent on developing and researching strategies on entering the Asian market could cost either the same, or more than the legal costs that Chiquita faced while regaining the rights to exporting to the EU. However, if Chiquita looked towards expanding into the Asian market while dealing with legal issues regarding the EU quotas and everything went well, Chiquita would then be exporting to both Europe and Asia which would bring them more profit than if they were just shipping to one or the other. References Anglo American, (2012), Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility, Retrieved from: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/anglo-american/business-ethics-and-corporate-social-responsibility/introduction.html#axzz2cMnSxmvE, Accessed 17/9/13 Business Respect, (no date), Corporate Social Responsibility- what does it mean? Retrieved from: http://www.businessrespect.net/definition.php, Accessed 17/9/13 Cavusgil, S.T., Freeman, S., Knight, G., Ranmal, H.G., & Risenberger, J.R. (2012). The Cultural Environment of International Business, International Business (pp.88- 122). Frenchs Forest, Australia: Pearson Australia Chiquita (2013). Chiquita.com – Social Responsibility Is How We Conduct Business. Retrieved from http://www.chiquita.com/The-Chiquita-Difference/Social-Responsibility.aspx, Accessed 13/9/13 Chiquita Homepage. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.chiquita.com/Home.aspx, Accessed 13/9/2013 Doh, J.P., & Luthans, F. (2012). Chiquita’s Global Turnaround (Case Study), International Management: Culture, Strategy and Behaviour. (pp.138- 165). New York, United States of America: McGraw Hill. European Commission (2011). Corporate Social Responsibility. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sustainable-business/corporate-social-responsibility/index_en.htm, Accessed 13/9/13 LGAM, (2013) Quadruple Bottom Line, Retrieved from: http://lgam.wikidot.com/quadruple-bottom-line, accessed 17/9/13 Luthans, F., & P. Doh, J. (2012). International Management (pp. 560-566). (8th ed.). New York, America: McGraw-Hill, Accessed 13/9/13 McGuire, J (1963), The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility, retrieved from:

Defining and Measuring Crime and Deviance.

Defining and Measuring Crime and Deviance. Free Online Research Papers This assignment will discuss the problems between crime and deviance, what counts as crime and deviance and how it varies with place and time. It will include the difference and similarities and give examples of defining crime and deviance. Finally the essay moves on to looking at how to identify why official statistics do not reflect in today’s society and may not be totally accurate. Crime is usually looked upon as an infringement of criminal law where as deviance has a vast and wider approach to crime and is consequently much harder to define. Crime is not a naturally occurring phenomenon it is manmade and more significantly, they are influenced by powerful groups within society. (Doherty, M.2005 page9) The simplest way of defining crime is to present it as something that is totally against the law and punishable by the state. For example, in this country the sale and consumption of alcohol to under 18 year olds (minors) is against the law and it can carry a heavy fine and penalty. Drugs in Britain are illegal and can carry a severe sentence such as imprisonment. (www.sociology.org.uk) In the 1960’s legislation decriminalised aspects of homosexuality, abortion and prostitution at one point they were classed as criminal but they are no longer categorised as crime. (Croall.H 1998 page5). Abortion is still an issue even though it’s no longer classed as crime, cultures criteria vary from country to country. Attitudes to homosexuality and abortions have changed dramatically, but is still frowned upon by those who still think it is morally wrong and its society who decide if it’s acceptable or not, as you can see crime and deviance are both social constructions and they can vary between cultures and time. (www.womansphere.com) Deviance is a non conformist behaviour which society in general frowns upon as it transcends away from the social norms. Deviance may result in formal or informal punishment or stigmatisation (negatively viewed and scorned by others) for example Goths are seen as deviant as they go against social norms. (www.tutor2u.net) Crime is usually looked upon as a violation of criminal law whereas deviance has a wider approach to crime and is therefore much harder to define. Rape and murder are defined as criminal and deviant, so the problems that have escalated over time concerning crime and deviance are what one could define as crime may in another one’s mind be defined as deviant. Therefore it is true to say that not all crime is deviant and not all deviance is crime it could be neither or both (www.ruthssociology.com) Crime is a behaviour that is against the law, which in fact can carry a heavier punishment than the punishment of deviance itself. Having looked at the problems in defining crime and deviance, this essay will now move onto looking at the difficulties in measuring crime. Official crime statistics are collated by the government and compiled by the home office every 6 months; they gather the statistics from all the police forces in England and Wales for the previous year, so it can achieve a better understanding of the trends in crime. The home office looks at the different uses of official statistics, by monitoring trends, looking at different areas- for example is there likely to be more obscurity with gangs in under privileged areas, than in upper class areas. Comparing age groups, monitoring how effective policing is – are there enough police, community police officers and specials out on the beat to deter the problems that may occur. (www.homeoffice.gov.uk). The difficulties concerning crime statistics are that they do not always include figures from other agencies, for example The British Transport Police, The Ministry of Defence, The Inland Revenue, Customs and Excise and The Department of Social Security. The statistics do not include those that are detected by private security agencies such as store detectives. (www.homeoffice.gov.uk). Racial crime is soaring, and goes unreported for the reason that the victims live in fear of reprisals, if they report the incident. It will often go unreported since the victims feel they have no confidence in the police and see’s reporting the incident as pointless. For criminal offences to make its way into the statistics then these things must happen for that crime to be reported. Somebody must be aware that a crime has taken place, then that crime must be reported and the police must accept that a law has been broken. The statistics do not include crime that the public do not report or are unaware of. If a particular crime does not get recorded or goes undetected because of certain situations as some may see it as too trivial, even feeling embarrassed or afraid of reprisals for example a stolen purse, a man that has been raped, or someone complaining about a gang member, (Jacobs, M 2006 page 19) Identity fraud is another main problem, as the victims are oblivious that they are actually the victim of this horrendous crime until maybe years down the line or when they apply for credit etc. Incidents like these are rarely reported so it then just becomes another â€Å"dark figure of crime† so that can question the reliability of the crime statistics. (Jacobs, M 2006 page 19) Another problem that affects crime statistics is white collar crime. As quoted by (Sutherland: cited in lexisnexis.com) White collar crime has been defined as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation. White collar crime is committed by people who have responsibility and if they did get to court then it was showing few and far between in the statistics. White collar crime is very different from conventional every day crime as it can be a non-violent offence as the victims can sometimes be unaware. (sociologyguide.com) In conclusion this essay has shown the main problems involved in measuring crime and deviance. It is imperative for society to know that different police forces classify crimes differently, and crimes vary within different areas, time and generations’, and that the main reason crime statistics are hard to measure is due to the dark figure. So it is significant that official crime statistics are not to be taken at face value. Research Papers on Defining and Measuring Crime and Deviance.Capital PunishmentThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part One19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Compose a report on management performance characteristics Essay - 1

Compose a report on management performance characteristics - Essay Example The author analyzed personal traits crucial in the workplace such as effective listening and communication skills, as well as, work as a team in order to accomplish organizational goals effectively. The author revealed significant strategies for developing work place effectiveness such as managing emotions and developing emotion competences. Lastly, the conclusion provided a brief summary of the study report. The recent economic recession has led to tremendous disruption in the global business; thus enabling many companies to employ effective management skills. Managers across the globe are nowadays trying to employ effective strategies and leadership styles that can enable them to achieve successful business performance. The research studies have made varied attempts of revealing relevant management practices and effective factors, which have a positive relation with organizational performance. They have made an attempt of revealing the management theory and the way this theory have been applied in varied companies to create organizational change. Managers exploit unique management performance characteristics in order improve organizational performance; thus enabling the company to achieve a competitive advantage. Thus, the report offer an analysis of effective management performance characteristics one can employ in order to improve organizational performance. The previous research on workplace management performance and practices has attempted to examine the effect of personality traits and work performance aspects. Barrick, Mount and Li (132) examine the core principle of personality trait theory and the purposeful goals it play in an organizational performance. The authors further argue that when the motivational forces are linked with job characteristics, individuals improve work performance. Personality traits plays significant roles in an organizational

Discuss what you believe to be the purpose(s) of education today Essay - 2

Discuss what you believe to be the purpose(s) of education today - Essay Example This is actually an experience that brings formative effects on the manner in which an individual thinks and feels or whose acts may be taken to be educational. The research examines the significance that education often holds for an individual and society in the modern times.  The educational process is very long, often being divided into stages that one has to undertake progressively; these stages include, the preschool, which is at the initial level, primary and then secondary, then later tertiary education which comprises of college and university as well as apprenticeship. The science that describes the bets and effective ways to teach is referred to as pedagogy. Because of the perceived importance of education, education has been ratified as an important human right, with governments enacting various legislations and means to ensuring that their citizens access quality education effectively. This has seen the introduction of free elementary education in some countries and even up to tertiary levels in others, all in a bid to ensure that the nation is effectively educated in order to influence social and economic development in the country Newman, the Catholic poet explains that in the learning process, especially at the higher level, the university, learners get the essence of learning. He says, â€Å"†¦The university is a society in which the student absorbs the graces and accomplishments of a higher form of life† (Newman para 2). It is believed that long before any formalized research existed; state constitution and all forms of legislative requirements, philosophers of the ancient times had already shown great regard to the purpose of education and the process of schooling in general (Newman para 6). They seemed to encourage people to think and identify the true meaning of life, and training their children on this path in order to become responsible

Interpersonal effectiveness- managing conflicts Research Paper

Interpersonal effectiveness- managing conflicts - Research Paper Example It is obvious that those with excellent interpersonal skills in an organization are expected to be more useful than those with poor interpersonal skills (Dyck et al, 2010) Interpersonal skills not only apply to talking to a single person but also it matters and affects our personality while we talk and communicate in a group. It does not include only how we communicate with fellow members but also it shows our confidence and courage to understand by listening carefully to others. Interpersonal skills are not only confined to communication expertise but it consists of problem solving ability, how promptly and accurately we make decisions at the right time and how do we manage and control ourselves while under stress. Those people with excellent interpersonal skills are very successful as compare to average people both in personal and professional lives. They look confident, composed, charismatic and calm when under pressure. One can easily spot these qualities in such people those are around you. Once you come to know about your interpersonal skills, it will benefit you by improving and developing it. Being more aware of your interpersonal skills can help you improve and develop them (Corey et al, 2010). People have interpersonal skill that is why they know how to react to what others say. We also know that when we say how the others will feel, think and react. As time passes, we improve interpersonal skills by paying attention to what we say and what we listen to. Always remember that the more we practice and spend time to develop these skills, the more we learn and improve (Field et al, 2001). There are so many skills, which helps us to be successful in so many walks of lives. However, the base for several dimensions of our lives is based on decent interpersonal skills, as these skills are important for our personal relationships, professional lives and social affairs. These are the foundations on which we can improve our skills.

Indigenous Studies The Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women in Canada Essay - 1

Indigenous Studies The Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women in Canada - Essay Example Modern democratic society aspires to render equitable justice at all times. However, this might not be possible all the time due to certain constraints which impinge on the delivery of just and equitable laws. The implementation of justice or equity can be haphazard, biased, prejudiced and discriminatory whenever democratic ideals are compromised. Democracy is supposed to be the rule by the majority but on the reverse side of this principle, the minority in a society can be subjected to various forms of injustice. The lack of justice can happen despite the best intentions because people can subvert the legal system to their own hidden agenda or interests. Injustice happens everywhere but it has become more widespread and rampant due to a dwindling of resources. When people compete for scarce natural resources and other necessities in life, it is inevitable conflicts will occur. When this happens, it is those in minority groups who will suffer because their democratic space and political rights are violated in favor of the greater majority. As they say, democracy is a form of oppression. It is the tyranny of the majority on the minority who are outvoted in any democratic electoral exercise and often marginalized. The United Nations has taken cognizance of the fact that certain groups are at risk for marginalization in society. These groups include people belonging to an ethnic minority, those in the female gender, the weak and the old, the very young, the uneducated, and other people who by their various or unique circumstance happen not to belong to the dominant majority group. In these instances, it is supposed to be the duty of the sate to afford them protection by the passage of appropriate laws and the full implementation of these laws for their benefit and survival. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples has been

Justification and critisism of Transformational Leadership

Justification and critisism of Transformational Leadership Leadership can be described as an important quality of a person, a vital attribute for an organisation or a key source for an effective team towards attaining success. In these ways, leadership occupies its space in different fields and proves to be important in several aspects. The role of a leader is very important in a management field in terms of taking the organisation towards success or failure, as Drucker (1985) defines Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things. According to Cox (2001), the leadership has been classified into two types: Transformational and Transactional. This differentiation was initially made by Downtown (1973, as cited in Barnett, McCormick and Conners, 2001). Transformational leader to be briefly explained is the one who possess a good vision and commitment towards success and motivates his followers and encourage them to increase their work potential. Whereas a transactional leader works in a task oriented manner and behave rigid with no place for personal emotions. In this modern world, business culture changes more rapidly prior to time and it is mandatory that skill and custom of the leadership has to adapt these changes. Heiftz and Laurie (1997) claim that: Instead of maintaining standard, leaders have to challenge the style of doing business and facilitate others in order to distinguish immutable values from historical practices that must go. In this essay, certain counter arguments for transformational leadership are critically analysed and a position has been adopted that transformational leadership is better in the current business atmosphere. The reasons are articulated with characteristic feature of transformational leadership. This is further justified with the explanation of some successful facts about notable transformational leaders and their success in their business. Criticisms of Transformational leadership: Transformational leadership being one of the best leadership models has some criticisms regarding several factors like personality, complication, clarity and other factors. Johnson and Kepner (2002) explain the key criticism within transformational leadership is that, it possesses high probability for the abuse of power. This is concerned with morality of leadership, as in terms of emotional perspective a transformational leader influence his follower. If the direction or the path tends to be in wrong track, then it would result in bad consequences. Further Bass (1997) notifies that, transformational leadership lacks the quality of ensuring and balancing the respective interests and influences that might facilitate to avoid dictatorship and minority suppression. Some notable examples of this model are Adolf Hitler, Osama bin laden and Rev Jim Jones who was the main role in massive Jonestown suicide. These are the people considered to be the negative side of transformational leadershi p. The second critic is that, transformational leadership is more often concentrated in developing an individual personality trait rather than a conduct through which people may be instructed (Bryman, 1992). This result in a difficult situation to train people in this approach, as most of the people will find complicated to adopt this quality. Since transformational leadership is a combination of several leadership models, it is more complicated to understand the concept and teach. In a transformational leadership, the leader is considered as a visionary idol and the leader involve in the business process along with his followers. This creates a dilemma in viewing the leadership in a trait perspective. The third critic provided by Avolio (1999) is that, the transformational leadership is discriminatory and autocratic. This further brings to another critic, the lack of conceptual clarity. The transformational leadership covers a wide range of activities like motivation, inspiration, buil ding trust and furthermore, this creates confusion in terms of concept when compared to other leadership model, as Bryman (1992) pointed out that transformational and charismatic leadership are often considered to be identical with respect to their qualities. The fourth argument is about dimensions of transformational leadership as not clearly mentioned. A scientific research by Tracey and Hinkin (1998) has shown considerable intersections among the dimensions of transformational leadership; it notifies that the dimensions are not clearly defined and complicated to measure. The final critic deals with regards to ethics, describing that transformational leadership suppresses the minorities of an organisation. Keeley (2001) believes that the only way to prevent harm done to the followers by the managers is to avoid the managers from uniting towards a common interest or goal. This ethical statement put forwards an action which is contradictory of what transformational leaders are suppo sed to do. These are some of the critical arguments by various researchers in the business field. The upcoming statements provide a justification for transformational leadership and some counter arguments for the above given critical statements. Justification for transformational leadership: Reviewing the critics arguments, a question arises whether the transformational leadership could be followed by an organisation to run efficiently. A position has been adopted for transformational leadership in this essay and the facts are described and clearly articulated. The first point of criticism review the morality and misleading of power by transformational leadership. Bass (2006) explains the classification in transformational leadership as socialised and personalized characteristics in the book Transformational leadership. The leaders using their abilities to inspire and lead their followers to a wrong path are termed to be pseudo transformational leaders. They possess similar elements as that of transformational leaders, but the motive would be personal and exploitative. It depends upon the individual characteristics in determining or choosing their motive and path, the concept of transformational leadership cannot be blamed. People regarding pseudo transformational model were discussed in the previous section; some examples of leaders who led a constructive path of transformational leadership are Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela etc. Transformational leadership concentrates in developing individual personality trait and it is difficult to understand and teach the concept was another critic. The significant feature of transformational leadership is that, it concentrates the development of follower and tries to enrich their personality. It encourages and involves inspiring followers to commit to a shared vision and goal of the organisation. A transformational leader encourages others to become leaders; as a result the entire organisation will be filled with people possessing effective leadership qualities, Kelly (2003). Furthermore, transformational leader motivates his followers to be innovative in problem solving and develop followers leadership qualities by coaching, mentoring and providing both challenge and support. According to (Leithwood, as cited in Cashin et al, 2000, p.1) Transformational leadership is that which: helps to redefine an individual mission and vision, thereby renewing their commitment and re structure the system for accomplishing the goal. This result in a mutual co-ordination within a leader and follower, where the follower grooms his qualities of leadership and the leader transform himself as a moral agent. Hence transformational leadership must be grounded in moral foundations. Regarding the issue about conceptual clarity, transformational leadership has much in similar characteristic features as that of charismatic leadership. The charisma is a part of transformational leader, it is considered to be a factor which correlates with idealized influence (one of transformational leadership 4Is). It is generally classified as socialized and personalized categories. For an organisation to perform better, Howell and Avolio (1993), authentic charismatic or transformational leaders must be socialised leaders. Under transformational leadership, there are four vital organisational activities performed. Making a compelling case for change in order to heighten followers sensitivity towards organisational change, inspire shared vision in order to attain new and better future, leading new changes and embedding the same. Certain critics notice transformational leadership as discriminatory and autocratic and a questionnaire whether it is directive or participative. Weber (1 947) emphasized that during the period of crises transformational leader directed dependent followers with essential solutions towards the problem; high inspirational leaders were extremely directive in terms of their process and approach. This clearly illustrates that, depending upon the situation a leader has to be either directive or participative in order to perform the task efficiently. The issues concerned to dimensions of transformational leadership, the multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ) by Bass and Avolio (2000) provides a solution for this critic. The MLQ is used in measurement or determination of the dimensions for this leadership, which are Idealised influence, individualized consideration, inspirational motivation and intellectual stimulation. The ethical issue about the transformational leadership is about suppressing minorities. Being researched for over 25 years, in transformational leadership the objective is to convert individual attention towards larger cause. It results in transformation from selfishness to cooperative concern. The significant feature of this leadership model is that, it focuses on common goal (Ethics, 133). An effective team work is concentrated where majorities and minorities are in the same platform to attain an objective. Successful Transformational leaders: Transformational leadership model proves to be efficient not only in business, but in all other sectors where it is implemented. In order to strengthen the position of transformational leadership, so examples from the past and present are portrayed in this essay. In a historical perspective, Yates (2002) describes about Genghis khan. During the late 12th and 13th century, this man struggled for the unification of the Mongol tribes, which was one of the largest land empires. The mode of leadership used was transformational at that period of time. In terms of business field, Lou Gerstner- the former chairman and CEO of IBM is one of the best examples for transformational leadership. One of the notable events at IBM under Gerstner leadership is: recovery from the companys loss of $1.8 billion in 1993 and making IBM as one of the largest private corporation in IT sector during that period of time. Sheppard (2002) describes that, Gerstner completely rectified the organisational culture an d took IBM to certain heights. Regarding the field of government and military contexts, General Colin Powell overcame the notorious racism in United States military and amidst low expectations became the United States chiefs of staff in 1989. He is the first Afro-American to become the U.S Secretary of State in 1991. Chekwa (2001) notifies that with the vision and qualities of transformational leader, Powell attained this position. Conclusion: The image and the research concerned to transformational leadership might be relatively recent, but demonstration and research of its characteristics and features has been done years back. It is proved that  transformational leaders have great capability to increase the performance beyond expectations and thereby able to make massive changes among individuals and organizations. In this essay, analysing most of the critics statement it has been justified that transformational leadership is stated to be better in a business perspective. When compared with other leadership styles like transactional or autocratic, transformational leadership addresses an individual needs, while the transactional leadership addresses the organisational process and the functioning is more often considered to be monopoly in nature. The decisions made are concerned only with the leader, success and failure occurs in an equal probability. While transformational leadership indulges effective team work, the leader motivates his follower and provides constructive feedback. The significant feature is that, feedback is expected from the follower too thus creating a two way communication. In the current world, transformational leadership is highly recognised and practised by executives in modern organisation. The current business scenario is influenced by insecurity, global commotion and organisational volatility, for which transformational leadership would be a better solution to deal these factors efficiently.

Daddy by sylvia plath Essay -- essays research papers fc

In the poem â€Å"Daddy†, Sylvia Plath says that there are women who, due to early conditioning, find themselves without the tools to deal with oppressive and controlling men. They are left feeling helpless and hopeless. For some women, the struggle is never resolved, others take most of a lifetime. For a lucky few, they are granted a reprieve. The speaker in this poem is Sylvia Plath. The poem describes her feelings of oppression and her battle to come to grips with the issues of this power imbalance. The poem also conjures the struggle many women face in a male dominated society. The conflict of this poem is male authority and control versus the right of a female to be herself, to make choices, and be free of male domination. Plath’s conflicts begin in her relationship with her father and continues with her husband. The intensity of this conflict is extremely apparent as she uses examples that cannot be ignored. The atrocities of NAZI’ Germany are used as symbols of the horror of male domination. The constant and crippling manipulation of the male, as he introduces oppression and hopelessness into the lives of his women, is equated with the twentieth century’s worst period. Words such as Luftwaffe, panzerman, and Meinkampf look are used to descibe her father and husband as well as all male domination. The frequent use of the word black throughout the poem conveys a feeling of gloom and suffocation. Like many women in society, we know that Plath felt oppressed and stifled throughout her life by her use of the simile â€Å"I have lived like a shoe for thirty years poor and white, barely able to breath or Achoo.† The use of similes and metaphors such as â€Å"Chuffing me off like a Jew. A Jew to Dachau, Auschwitz, Belson.† and â€Å"I think I may well be a Jew† clearly shows the feelings of anguished hopelessness and the ripping agony she must have felt. The agelessness of this poem is guaranteed as there will always be women who feel the same torture that is described. . Strong images are conveyed throughout the poem. The words â€Å"marble- heavy, a.bag full of God† conveys the omniscience of her father’s authority and the heaviness it weighed on her throughout her life. â€Å"The vampire who said he was you, and drank my blood for a year, seven years if you want to know† describe her husband and the ability of male power to strip a person of their own sen... ...trol extreme mood swings with ESB.(Coulman 679) While scientists continue to investigate exactly what electricity does to the human brain, they still use it as a form of therapy. ECT is administered annually to 100,000 Americans (Boodman 7). This inexpensive form of temporary relief is administered by the simple twist of a dial and is yet to be refined. These imperfections can make ECT an unpredictable and risky procedure that may even end lives. Still everyday, hundreds of desperate Americans give into these sometimes favorable artificial convulsions induced by electrical power. Works Cited Boodman, Sandra G. Shock Therapy...It’s Back. [Online] Available http://www.efn.org/-detron/electroshock/postshock.html Cauchon, Dennis. Stunningly Quick results often fade just as fast. [Online] Available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.usatoday.com/life/health/lhs188.htm Coulman, James, ed. Abnormal Psychology and Normal Life. Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1964. No Author. Ban Shock: Shock Therapy- - it’s no good for the brain. [Online] Available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.banshock.org/ Daddy by sylvia plath Essay -- essays research papers fc In the poem â€Å"Daddy†, Sylvia Plath says that there are women who, due to early conditioning, find themselves without the tools to deal with oppressive and controlling men. They are left feeling helpless and hopeless. For some women, the struggle is never resolved, others take most of a lifetime. For a lucky few, they are granted a reprieve. The speaker in this poem is Sylvia Plath. The poem describes her feelings of oppression and her battle to come to grips with the issues of this power imbalance. The poem also conjures the struggle many women face in a male dominated society. The conflict of this poem is male authority and control versus the right of a female to be herself, to make choices, and be free of male domination. Plath’s conflicts begin in her relationship with her father and continues with her husband. The intensity of this conflict is extremely apparent as she uses examples that cannot be ignored. The atrocities of NAZI’ Germany are used as symbols of the horror of male domination. The constant and crippling manipulation of the male, as he introduces oppression and hopelessness into the lives of his women, is equated with the twentieth century’s worst period. Words such as Luftwaffe, panzerman, and Meinkampf look are used to descibe her father and husband as well as all male domination. The frequent use of the word black throughout the poem conveys a feeling of gloom and suffocation. Like many women in society, we know that Plath felt oppressed and stifled throughout her life by her use of the simile â€Å"I have lived like a shoe for thirty years poor and white, barely able to breath or Achoo.† The use of similes and metaphors such as â€Å"Chuffing me off like a Jew. A Jew to Dachau, Auschwitz, Belson.† and â€Å"I think I may well be a Jew† clearly shows the feelings of anguished hopelessness and the ripping agony she must have felt. The agelessness of this poem is guaranteed as there will always be women who feel the same torture that is described. . Strong images are conveyed throughout the poem. The words â€Å"marble- heavy, a.bag full of God† conveys the omniscience of her father’s authority and the heaviness it weighed on her throughout her life. â€Å"The vampire who said he was you, and drank my blood for a year, seven years if you want to know† describe her husband and the ability of male power to strip a person of their own sen... ...trol extreme mood swings with ESB.(Coulman 679) While scientists continue to investigate exactly what electricity does to the human brain, they still use it as a form of therapy. ECT is administered annually to 100,000 Americans (Boodman 7). This inexpensive form of temporary relief is administered by the simple twist of a dial and is yet to be refined. These imperfections can make ECT an unpredictable and risky procedure that may even end lives. Still everyday, hundreds of desperate Americans give into these sometimes favorable artificial convulsions induced by electrical power. Works Cited Boodman, Sandra G. Shock Therapy...It’s Back. [Online] Available http://www.efn.org/-detron/electroshock/postshock.html Cauchon, Dennis. Stunningly Quick results often fade just as fast. [Online] Available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.usatoday.com/life/health/lhs188.htm Coulman, James, ed. Abnormal Psychology and Normal Life. Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1964. No Author. Ban Shock: Shock Therapy- - it’s no good for the brain. [Online] Available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.banshock.org/

Globalization: International Trade and World Trade Organization Essay

1.Describe how the world economy is becoming more integrated than ever before. The global economy is becoming more integrated than ever before. The world trade organization (WTO), now has 153 countries involved in more than 95 percent of the world’s trade. The global economy is dominated by countries in three regions: Western Europe, North America, and Asia. Europe is economically to form he biggest market in the world. Under the Maastricht Treaty, which formally established the European Union (EU), the euro was adopted as a common currency among European countries with the goal to strengthen Europe’s position as an economic superpower in the world. Among the Pacific Rim countries, Japan dominated world attention toward the end of the last century and with the world’s largest population and increasing industrialization, China is on its way to becoming the larges producer and consumer of the world’s goods. Asian countries have joined the United States, Australia, and Russia to form the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) trade Group. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) brings together 10 developing nations and is aimed at cultural development and political security. The North American Trade Agreement (NAFTA) combined the economies of the United States, Canada and Mexico into one of the world’s largest trading bloc. And, as for the rest of the world with all the important developments, markets and competitors shaping the global environment, India for example with the fast growing economy and huge population has become the world’s second largest online support, software developer and other services. 2.Discuss what integration of the world economy means for individual companies and their managers. Compared with only a few years ago opportunities are greater because the movement toward free trade has opened up many formerly protected national markets. The potential for export and for making direct investment overseas is greater today than ever before. The environment is more complex because today’s manager often has to deal with the challenges of doing business in countries with radically different cultures and coordinating globally dispersed opportunities. The environment is more competitive because in addition to domestic competitors the managers must deal with cost efficient overseas competitors. Companies both large and small now view the world rather than a single country as their market and need to identify the best strategy for competing in a global marketplace. Universal needs exist when the tastes and preferences of consumers in different counties with regard to a product are similar, creating strong pressure for a global strategy. Thus, managers need to make sure that their companies are able to adapt to different needs in different locations not just locally but globally. Irene B. Rosenfeld, the CEO of Kraft and General Foods, understood the importance of globalization and to save the struggling company, aside from its North American market, she also focused on the overseas market. Krafts global expansion strategy targets 10 markets. Also, Kraft will focus on its overseas efforts and research and development for ten best selling brands which accounts for about 40% of Kraft’s international sales and over 60% of its profits.