Different types of Mergers and Acquisitions (MA)

Different types of Mergers and Acquisitions (MA) NATURE AND TYPES OF MAMergers vs. AcquisitionsA merger takes place when two companies combine together as equals to form an entirely new company. Mergers are rare, since most often companies are acquired by other companies, and it is more of absorption of operation of the target company. The term merger is more often used to show deference  to employees and former owners when another company is taken over. Mergers and acquisition are a means to a long-term business strategy. New alliances, mergers or takeovers are usually based on company vision and mission statements, and they have to truly reflect company corporate strategy in terms of what it wants to achieve with the strategic move in the industry. The process of acquisition or a merger calls for a disciplined approach by the decision makers at the company. Three important considerations should be taken into account:Company must be willing to take risk, and make investment early-on to benefit fully from the merger, competitors an d the industry takes heed and start to merger or acquirer themselves.In order to reduce and diversify risk, multiple bets must be made, since some of the initiatives will fail, while some will prove fruitful.The management of the acquiring firm must learn to be resilient, patient and able to emulate change owing to ever-changing business dynamics in the industry.Horizontal MergersHorizontal mergers happen when a company merges or takes over another company that offers the same or similar product lines and services to the final consumers, which means that it is in the same industry and at the same stage of production. Companies, in this case, are usually direct competitors. For example, if a company producing cell phones merges with another company in the industry that produces cell phones, this would be termed as horizontal merger. The benefit of this kind of merger is that it eliminates competition, which helps the company to increase its market share, revenues and profits. Moreove r, it also offers economies of scale due to increase in size as average cost decline due to higher production volume. These kinds of merger also encourage cost efficiency, since redundant and wasteful activities are removed from the operations i.e. various administrative departments or departments suchs as advertising, purchasing and marketing.Vertical MergersA vertical merger is done with an aim to combine two companies that are in the same value chain of producing the same good and service, but the only difference is the stage of production at which they are operating. For example, if a clothing store takes over a textile factory, this would be termed as vertical merger, since the industry is same, i.e. clothing, but the stage of production is different: one firm is works in territory sector, while the other works in secondary sector. These kinds of merger are usually undertaken to secure supply of essential goods, and avoid disruption in supply, since in the case of our example, the clothing store would be rest assured that clothes will be provided by the textile factory. It is also done to restrict supply to competitors, hence a greater market share, revenues and profits. Vertical mergers also offer cost saving and a higher margin of profit, since manufacturer’s share is eliminated.Concentric MergersConcentric mergers take place between firms that serve the same customers in a particular industry, but they don’t offer the same products and services. Their products may be complements, product which go together, but technically not the same products. For example, if a company that produces DVDs mergers with a company that produces DVD players, this would be termed as concentric merger, since DVD players and DVDs are complements products, which are usually purchased together. These are usually undertaken to facilitate consumers, since it would be easier to sell these products together. Also, this would help the company diversify, hence higher profits. Sel ling one of the products will also encourage the sale of the other, hence more revenues for the company if it manages to increase the sale of one of its product. This would enable business to offer one-stop shopping, and therefore, convenience for consumers. The two companies in this case are associated in some way or the other. Usually they have the production process, business markets or the basic technology in common. It also includes extension of certain product lines. These kinds of mergers offer opportunities for businesses to venture into other areas of the industry reduce risk and provide access to resources and markets unavailable previously.Conglomerate MergerWhen two companies that operates in completely different industry, regardless of the stage of production, a merger between both companies is known as conglomerate merger. This is usually done to diversify into other industries, which helps reduce risks.REASONS BEHIND EACH TYPE OF MAThere are various reasons as to why a company might to decide to merge or acquire another company, although there has to be a strategic reasoning or logic behind the merger. All the successful mergers and acquisitions have a specific, well thought-out logic behind the strategic move. Mergers and acquisitions usually create value for the company in different ways, some of which are listed below:Improve the company’s performanceThis involves improving the performance of the target company, as well as the company itself. It is one of the most important reasons of value-creating strategies of MA. If another company is taken over, its performance can be radically improves, due to economies of scale. Also, the two companies combined would have a greater impact in the market as they are more likely to capture a greater market share, hence higher revenue and profits. Operating-profit margins can be significantly improved under the new management if wastage and redundancies are removed from the operations.Remove Excess capac ityIn many cases, as industries grow, there comes a point of maturity, which leads to excess capacity in the industry. As more and more companies enter the industries, the supply continues to increase, which brings the prices considerably down. Higher production from existing companies and entry of new companies in the industry disrupts the balance as supply increases more than demand, which lead to a fall in price. In order to correct this, companies merge with or acquire other companies in the industry, hence getting rid of excess capacity in the industry. Factories and plants can be shutdown, since it is no longer profitable to sell at that low a prices. Usually least productive plants or factories are retired in order to bring the balance back to the industry. Reducing excess capacity has a lot of benefits as it extends less tangible forms of capacity in the industry. It makes companies rethink their strategy, and nudges them to work towards improving quality rather than quantit y.Accelerate growthMergers and acquisitions are often undertaken to increase the market share. If competitor company is taken over, its share of sales is also absorbed. As the result, the acquirer gets higher sales, revenues and consequently higher profits. Some industries have a mix of very loyal customers, which means that it is very difficult to attract customers from competition by other means, as the industry is highly competitive and consumers are disinclined to make the switch. In such circumstances, merger or acquisition are highly beneficial, since they provide an opportunity to drastically increase market share. It also allows economies of scale, as per unit cost decrease due to higher volume. Smaller players in the market are sometimes taken over to penetrate the market further, where big companies fail to make an impact. Controlling smaller firms in the industry can greatly accelerate sales of those smaller companies’ products and services, since a big name is now atta ched to them. The acquirer also brings in its expertise and experience to bring efficiency to the operations of the target company. The combined company also benefit from exposure to various segments of the industry, which were previously unknown to the acquirer. The new combined company could help introduce new products tailored for the unchartered markets, hence finding new consumers for the same products and services.Acquire skills and technologyCompanies often acquire or merge with other companies in hopes to acquire skills and/or technology of the target company. Some companies control certain technologies exclusively, and it is too costly to develop these technologies from scratch. This means that it is easier to take over a company with the desired technology. A merger / an acquisition provides an opportunity for both companies to combine their technological progress and generate greater value from the sharing of knowledge and technology. These kinds of merger usually lead to innovation and entirely new products and services, hence are beneficial not only to the companies themselves, but to the industry as well. Same goes for skills, which are in certain cases exclusive, and can only be sought out, if the said company is taken over.Roll-up strategiesSome firms are too small in the market and are highly fragmented, which means they experience higher costs, and it is not feasible for them to keep up operations because there are no economies of scale due to a very small volume. An acquisition is such case is more common and can be hugely beneficial to the target company, as it could keep on operating only with an element of economies of scale. It would also help an acquirer, since it would be able to penetrate smaller fractions of the market, as smaller companies have access to these markets. Hence this kind of merger creates value for both companies, and promises greater efficiency in the operational activities. Advertising campaigns can be coordinated to gether in order to increase revenues and save on costs.Encourage competitive behaviorMany companies decide to take over other companies in an attempt to improve the overall competitive behavior in the industry. This is done by eliminating price competition, which leads to improvement in rate of internet return of the industry. If the competition is kept at bay, and new entrants are not allowed, firms dont have to compromise on quality as price is no longer a competing factor. Smaller businesses can only gain share through offering at lower prices, but price competition reduces overall profits for the industry. In order to restore the balance, and invest all effort an energy on quantity, mergers and takeovers are initiated to improve the overall competitive environment in the industry.LEGAL TERMINOLOGY Mergers and acquisition can be categorized according to the nature of merger. Most mergers are simply done when one firm takeover another firm, but there are different strategic reasons behind this decision. In the same way, legal terminology also differs from merger to merger, hence it is important to differentiate and understand the subtle differences. © cleverism.comIn this article we will look at 1) nature of MA and different types of MA, 2) reasons behind each type of MA, and 3) legal terminology.NATURE AND TYPES OF MAMergers vs. AcquisitionsA merger takes place when two companies combine together as equals to form an entirely new company. Mergers are rare, since most often companies are acquired by other companies, and it is more of absorption of operation of the target company. The term merger is more often used to show deference  to employees and former owners when another company is taken over. Mergers and acquisition are a means to a long-term business strategy. New alliances, mergers or takeovers are usually based on company vision and mission statements, and they have to truly reflect company corporate strategy in terms of what it wants to achieve with the strategic move in the industry. The process of acquisition or a merger calls for a disciplined approach by the decision makers at the company. Three important consider ations should be taken into account:Company must be willing to take risk, and make investment early-on to benefit fully from the merger, competitors and the industry takes heed and start to merger or acquirer themselves.In order to reduce and diversify risk, multiple bets must be made, since some of the initiatives will fail, while some will prove fruitful.The management of the acquiring firm must learn to be resilient, patient and able to emulate change owing to ever-changing business dynamics in the industry.Horizontal MergersHorizontal mergers happen when a company merges or takes over another company that offers the same or similar product lines and services to the final consumers, which means that it is in the same industry and at the same stage of production. Companies, in this case, are usually direct competitors. For example, if a company producing cell phones merges with another company in the industry that produces cell phones, this would be termed as horizontal merger. Th e benefit of this kind of merger is that it eliminates competition, which helps the company to increase its market share, revenues and profits. Moreover, it also offers economies of scale due to increase in size as average cost decline due to higher production volume. These kinds of merger also encourage cost efficiency, since redundant and wasteful activities are removed from the operations i.e. various administrative departments or departments suchs as advertising, purchasing and marketing.Vertical MergersA vertical merger is done with an aim to combine two companies that are in the same value chain of producing the same good and service, but the only difference is the stage of production at which they are operating. For example, if a clothing store takes over a textile factory, this would be termed as vertical merger, since the industry is same, i.e. clothing, but the stage of production is different: one firm is works in territory sector, while the other works in secondary secto r. These kinds of merger are usually undertaken to secure supply of essential goods, and avoid disruption in supply, since in the case of our example, the clothing store would be rest assured that clothes will be provided by the textile factory. It is also done to restrict supply to competitors, hence a greater market share, revenues and profits. Vertical mergers also offer cost saving and a higher margin of profit, since manufacturer’s share is eliminated.Concentric MergersConcentric mergers take place between firms that serve the same customers in a particular industry, but they don’t offer the same products and services. Their products may be complements, product which go together, but technically not the same products. For example, if a company that produces DVDs mergers with a company that produces DVD players, this would be termed as concentric merger, since DVD players and DVDs are complements products, which are usually purchased together. These are usually undertaken to facilitate consumers, since it would be easier to sell these products together. Also, this would help the company diversify, hence higher profits. Selling one of the products will also encourage the sale of the other, hence more revenues for the company if it manages to increase the sale of one of its product. This would enable business to offer one-stop shopping, and therefore, convenience for consumers. The two companies in this case are associated in some way or the other. Usually they have the production process, business markets or the basic technology in common. It also includes extension of certain product lines. These kinds of mergers offer opportunities for businesses to venture into other areas of the industry reduce risk and provide access to resources and markets unavailable previously.Conglomerate MergerWhen two companies that operates in completely different industry, regardless of the stage of production, a merger between both companies is known as conglomerate merge r. This is usually done to diversify into other industries, which helps reduce risks.REASONS BEHIND EACH TYPE OF MAThere are various reasons as to why a company might to decide to merge or acquire another company, although there has to be a strategic reasoning or logic behind the merger. All the successful mergers and acquisitions have a specific, well thought-out logic behind the strategic move. Mergers and acquisitions usually create value for the company in different ways, some of which are listed below:Improve the company’s performanceThis involves improving the performance of the target company, as well as the company itself. It is one of the most important reasons of value-creating strategies of MA. If another company is taken over, its performance can be radically improves, due to economies of scale. Also, the two companies combined would have a greater impact in the market as they are more likely to capture a greater market share, hence higher revenue and profits. Operatin g-profit margins can be significantly improved under the new management if wastage and redundancies are removed from the operations.Remove Excess capacityIn many cases, as industries grow, there comes a point of maturity, which leads to excess capacity in the industry. As more and more companies enter the industries, the supply continues to increase, which brings the prices considerably down. Higher production from existing companies and entry of new companies in the industry disrupts the balance as supply increases more than demand, which lead to a fall in price. In order to correct this, companies merge with or acquire other companies in the industry, hence getting rid of excess capacity in the industry. Factories and plants can be shutdown, since it is no longer profitable to sell at that low a prices. Usually least productive plants or factories are retired in order to bring the balance back to the industry. Reducing excess capacity has a lot of benefits as it extends less tangi ble forms of capacity in the industry. It makes companies rethink their strategy, and nudges them to work towards improving quality rather than quantity.Accelerate growthMergers and acquisitions are often undertaken to increase the market share. If competitor company is taken over, its share of sales is also absorbed. As the result, the acquirer gets higher sales, revenues and consequently higher profits. Some industries have a mix of very loyal customers, which means that it is very difficult to attract customers from competition by other means, as the industry is highly competitive and consumers are disinclined to make the switch. In such circumstances, merger or acquisition are highly beneficial, since they provide an opportunity to drastically increase market share. It also allows economies of scale, as per unit cost decrease due to higher volume. Smaller players in the market are sometimes taken over to penetrate the market further, where big companies fail to make an impact. C ontrolling smaller firms in the industry can greatly accelerate sales of those smaller companies’ products and services, since a big name is now attached to them. The acquirer also brings in its expertise and experience to bring efficiency to the operations of the target company. The combined company also benefit from exposure to various segments of the industry, which were previously unknown to the acquirer. The new combined company could help introduce new products tailored for the unchartered markets, hence finding new consumers for the same products and services.Acquire skills and technologyCompanies often acquire or merge with other companies in hopes to acquire skills and/or technology of the target company. Some companies control certain technologies exclusively, and it is too costly to develop these technologies from scratch. This means that it is easier to take over a company with the desired technology. A merger / an acquisition provides an opportunity for both companies to combine their technological progress and generate greater value from the sharing of knowledge and technology. These kinds of merger usually lead to innovation and entirely new products and services, hence are beneficial not only to the companies themselves, but to the industry as well. Same goes for skills, which are in certain cases exclusive, and can only be sought out, if the said company is taken over.Roll-up strategiesSome firms are too small in the market and are highly fragmented, which means they experience higher costs, and it is not feasible for them to keep up operations because there are no economies of scale due to a very small volume. An acquisition is such case is more common and can be hugely beneficial to the target company, as it could keep on operating only with an element of economies of scale. It would also help an acquirer, since it would be able to penetrate smaller fractions of the market, as smaller companies have access to these markets. Hence this kind of merger creates value for both companies, and promises greater efficiency in the operational activities. Advertising campaigns can be coordinated together in order to increase revenues and save on costs.Encourage competitive behaviorMany companies decide to take over other companies in an attempt to improve the overall competitive behavior in the industry. This is done by eliminating price competition, which leads to improvement in rate of internet return of the industry. If the competition is kept at bay, and new entrants are not allowed, firms dont have to compromise on quality as price is no longer a competing factor. Smaller businesses can only gain share through offering at lower prices, but price competition reduces overall profits for the industry. In order to restore the balance, and invest all effort an energy on quantity, mergers and takeovers are initiated to improve the overall competitive environment in the industry.LEGAL TERMINOLOGYMergers and acquisitions are highl y complex, and they most often require authorization from central government organization like competition commissions. There are various legal terminologies used when companies decide to merge as listed below:Sale of Majority of AssetsIn a merger / acquisition of one by another company, one company buys out the majority of assets of the other company. The control is transferred to the acquirer after approval of majority of shareholders of the target company. The acquirer usually only takeover liabilities that are attached to the purchased assets, which means that other liabilities are retained by the target company and paid off by them through their own means. Acquirer may, at times, decides to take up liabilities too. Shareholders have the same rights after the merger, since they are entitles to a divided, which is usually higher after the merger.Stock for AssetsIn this type of transaction, one entity buys outs the other one for a certain number of shares. The target company disso lves, passing all its assets to the acquirer. The control is established after approval from acquirer Company’s management. For the target company, vote of approval from majority shareholders is required for the dissolution. All the liabilities attached to the assets of Target Company are passed on to the acquirer company, while all other liabilities are retained by the target company unless acquirer volunteers to take them on as well. Shareholders after the merger are likely to receive a higher dividend.Stock for StockStock for stock transaction involves two companies, where one entity buys shares in another company from its shareholders. The target’s company’s assets are passed on to the acquirer, while the target company is run as a subsidiary of the acquirer. A new stock has to be created for this kind of merger, which means that the majority of the acquirer company’s shareholders are required to approval the merger. The shareholders of the target company are able to ind ividually decide whether they want to participate or not. The merger entails limited liabilities for the acquirer in terms of target’s company liabilities. If shareholders decide not to sell their shares, they might be frozen out.Merger/ConsolidationThis kind of transaction requires the presence of two companies. One company purchased the other, or alternatively both dissolve and become a new company. In this case, both companies require approval from majority of shareholders. The company or the acquirer takes up all rights and all liabilities, some of which are unknown to both corporations. Shareholders retain the right to receive dividends, in addition to retaining dissenter’s appraisal rights. This is the most common sort of merger, which basically means that one company is absorbed into the other one. Assets are taken over, while liabilities are cleared at the time of the merger or takeover the acquirer.DissolutionDissolution involves only one corporation, since the company is being dissolved. If the company wants to dissolve voluntarily, it needs the majority vote by shareholders in addition to filing with the state. At times, courts order involuntary dissolution in certain cases such as a deadlock situation. The control is usually held by majority vote by shareholders. In the case of dissolution, all liabilities must be cleared, although any future liability is absolved. Dissolution usually means that the company does not exist anymore, which means its operations are wrapped up during the process dissolution.Freeze-OutIn this case, the majority shareholders attempt to buyout the shares of the minority of shareholder. Only one company is involved, and control is defined by the majority through board approval. The liabilities in this case remain with the company as there is no other party involved. This is mostly done to reaffirm control by the majority shareholders over the operations of the company, since they face no obstacles once the deal goes thr ough.Tender OfferThis merger is similar to stock for stock, the only difference being the shareholders are offered money in exchange for their shares, after which the target company is dissolved, merged or run as a subsidiary. Management approval is needed since the acquirer usually borrows to finance the merger. While individual shareholders of Target Company may sell at their will, although a controlling percentage of target company’s shared is required for this mergers. After the purchase of shares, the acquirer has limited liability in terms of target’s company financial obligations. After the merger, shareholders can expect a higher dividend, while shareholders of target have no right, since they are no hold shares.Triangular MergerAs the name suggest, this merger involves three companies. The first step involves the acquirer company forming a subsidiary, whose only assets are shares of the parent company. The newly formed subsidiary then does a stock for assets or stock fo r stock as explained above with the target company. Consequently, the target company mergers or completely dissolves.

Ethical Values And Behaviors Of An Organization - 941 Words

Dr. M and class, How do ethical values shape behavior in organizations? According to Saleem (2014), ethical values and behaviors of an organization are made up of organizations institutionalized philosophies along with the moral ideologies of its members. In addition, the codes of ethics help to enhance the moral reasoning of employees while shaping their behaviors towards morally questioning unethical situations. Organizational leaders are encouraged to build cultures of trust with leadership who establish concerning goals employees pursue y setting examples for others to follow (Crosbie, 2008). The leaders whom are able to build training and development throughout their organization helps design and build relationships characterized by collaborative behaviors those results in mutually beneficial outcomes (Crosbie, 2008). Tyler (Chapter 9 in Moral Leadership) and Batson (Chapter 8 in Moral Leadership) have different perspectives on this question. Compare and contrast the positions of Tyler and Batson. According to Rhode (2006), Tyler addresses two central issues; the first determines whether people in organizations have ethical values that are related to characteristics of their organization, whereas the second, questions rather those values shape their rule-related behaviors (p. 213). On the other hand, Rhode (2006) stipulates that Batson think the challenge of moral leadership is based on; I take it, to get people to act more morally (p. 197). 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The Requirements Of An Organization - 1588 Words

In order to operate within the systematic manner, it is important for organisations like Tesco to cover the related phases and processes as provided in the following figure: Figure 1: Systematic Approach to Training †¢ Aim of organisation The aim of Tesco is to maximise its profitability levels while being competitive in the industry and among competitors. It is known that understanding the aim of the organisation under consideration is important to gain awareness about fulfilling the needs of job tasks and responsibilities in the organisation (Laird, Holton, Naquin, 2003). †¢ Analysis of Training Needs It is important to understand the requirements of learning for the employees of Tesco and it is done by the appropriate analysis of knowledge, skills, and behaviour required by every job. 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Internal audit departments commonly have an IT audit component which is deployed with a clear perspective on its role in an organization. However, in our experience as IT auditors, the wider business community needs to understand the IT audit function in order to realize the maximum benefit. In this context, we are publishing this brief overview of the specific benefits and added

Narrative of Frederick Douglass Free Essays

The Autobiography of Frederick Douglass, titled â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†, utilizes five key literary devices in order to better convey Douglass’s journey from enslavement to freedom. This includes the use of Imagery, diction, first person point of view, specific details, and allusion. Each of these is used to help convey the experiences of slavery, as well as the joys and fears of being a freed slave. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative of Frederick Douglass or any similar topic only for you Order Now The use of Imagery throughout the narrative engrosses the reader and provides him with a better sense of the ideas and experiences of Douglass. An example of these is when Douglass looked out onto the Chesapeake bay, at which point he saw several ships with white sails. These struck him profoundly, acting as a beacon of light in the midst of his dark circumstances. These white sails seemed to be an idea of hope and freedom, the thought that one day he too could be like the ships, with nothing but the wind to guide him. Another example of Imagery is when Douglass first receives Sandy’s â€Å"Magical† root. This was supposed to protect Douglass from further beatings by his slave masters, an idea that he easily discarded. In doing this, Douglass shows his difference from the other uneducated slaves, with the root making a distinction between how the educated and uneducated believe things occur. Still, Douglass did keep the root as a sort of last resort, an action that seems to show just how desperate Douglass was to ward off his abuse. The use of Diction throughout the story helps the reader to get a better sense of the mindset of Douglass. One example of this is when Douglass was sent to work with Mr. William Gardner. Here, he described his change in ownership as being â€Å"Hired† out, almost as if he were an employee of his master, instead of being lent or borrowed. Douglass didn’t see this as abnormal, someone telling him who to work for without any regard for his own preference. Another example of word choice is when he describes is mistress as being a â€Å"Kind and Tender-hearted woman†, a description that leads the reader to imagine almost a mother, someone who cared for others. He could have simply called her a â€Å"just† or â€Å"fair† woman, but instead he described her as motherly. Finally, when Douglass was describing his life constantly moving from owner to owner, he spoke on the fact that he truly did not have a home. In Douglass’s case, â€Å"The ties that ordinarily bind their children to their homes were all suspended. † He truly did not have a place to call home, but this was almost a sort of freedom for him. He described the sense of home as â€Å"binding†, instead of â€Å"welcoming†. In doing so, he truly shows that he did not understand the idea of belonging to a home or group, but instead being a nomad. It does not feel as though a home â€Å"binds† a child to it, but instead its a safe haven, somewhere that you can feel safe. By recounting the story in a first-person point of view, Douglass better conveys his story to the reader. In telling the story in such a way, Douglass appeals to the emotions of his reader, even their humanity, in an effort to show them just how abusive the situation of a slave holder is. He does so in order to show both the effects of abuse on the slave and the owner himself. A story told in the third person can be percieved as detached, something that does not truly exist. But, by telling it from the perspective of one who actually endured the abuses, Douglass was able to make the story more credible and even make the reader think that such circumstances could happen to themselves. In telling the story in the first person, Douglass achieves his goal of appealing to the audience’s humanity. No longer could they simply remain ignorant to the plight of a slave living in the south, but instead they now had to actually acknowledge the fact that they knew what was happening, and either act on this knowledge, or ignore it. The constant use of specific details in the autobiography gives the tale credibility and engrosses the reader. An early, but important, example of a specific detail occurs in chapter 7. Here, Douglass is detailing his dire situation. He wishes to expand his intelligence, but then is unable to begin doing so because of his status as a slave. When Captain Anthony died, Douglass’s hatred of slavery was even more apparent, when he was â€Å"to be valued with the other property† as though he were an item, not a person. In doing this, Frederick was perceived by his owner’s heirs to be nothing more than a piece of property to be decided upon, not a person with hopes and dreams. Later in the tale, Douglass describes Mr. Hopkins, who’s â€Å"Chief boast was his ability to manage slaves. † Hopkins was a cruel man, the poster child of slave handlers, and would enjoy beating and abusing his slaves. In describing his living conditions in prison, he described it as â€Å"Much more comfortable†¦ than we expected†¦ Did not get much to eat, nor which was very good, but we had a clean room. † In doing this, Douglass provides the reader with an idea of just how bad their lives were as slaves, when even a prison cell seemed to be a comfortable and clean set of living conditions. Finally, Douglass refrained from using any real in-depth details when recounting his actual escape from slavery to freedom. He did this because he did not want slave owners to be able to use any of his methods against slaves themselves, which would endanger both abolitionists and slaves alike. Finally, the use of Allusion throughout the tale helps to show the great conflict of being free but a fugitive. Douglass compared his decision to that of Patrick Henry in deciding whether or pursue his own freedom or to remain a slave. Henry’s decision for â€Å"Liberty or Death† was an easy one, Douglass claims, as it was certain liberty or death. In Douglass’s case, however, the liberty was extremely uncertain, with even after him having escaped the possibility of being returned as a fugitive slave remained. Douglass also compares himself to an â€Å"Unarmed Mariner [rescued]†¦ From the pursuit of a Pirate† when describing his joy at obtaining freedom from slavery. Douglass also recalled the words of Thomas Jefferson, who despite being a slave owner, wrote that its practice was a â€Å"War against human nature itself. † Finally, Douglass alludes to the story of Daniel in the bible, who had been thrown into a lion’s den but escaped unharmed through the help of God. This situation seems similar to the one Douglass found himself in, with his extraordinary luck allowing him to survive something that most men did not. Frederick Douglass used five literary devices in his narrative in order to better convey his story to the audience. His use of Imagery, Diction, First Person, specific details, and allusion causes the story to be not only more realistic, but also more believable, by the audience. In doing so, he was better able to achieve his goal of conveying his story of slavery and freedom. How to cite Narrative of Frederick Douglass, Essays

Marine biologist Essays (536 words) - Biological Oceanography

Marine biologist Marine Biologist Biology, Chemistry, Physics Marine Biologists study the origins, behaviours, diseases, genetics and the life processes of animals and wildlife of the marine environment. Some marine biologists specialize in wildlife research and management, including the collection and analysis of biological data to determine the environmental effects of present and potential use of land and water areas. To become a marine biologist, you will need a bachelors degree in a biological science, a Masters in science in marine and environmental science, a Masters in public administration in Environmental Planning. You would also need to be good at mathematics, as marine biologists use maths every day when doing statistics. A marine biologist works in a variety of settings that can range from working in an aquarium to collecting underwater samples and data to working in a research lab. Everything marine biologists do is science. They need to be able to measure salinity, acidity, light, oxygen content, and other physical conditions of water to determine their relationship to aquatic life. Marine biologists also need to identify, classify, and study structure, behaviour, ecology, physiology, nutrition, culture, and distribution of plant and animal species. To be a marine biologist, the best subjects to study would be prerequisite subjects. Assumed knowledge, in one or more of English, maths, biology, chemistry and physics are normally required. Some appropriate courses of study would be; * Aquaculture and Marine Biotechnology - 4 years. * Coastal Management- 4 years. * Marine Biology and Ecology- 4 years. * Marine Geology and Coastal Processes- 4 years. Because there are so many topics one could study within the field of marine biology, many researchers select a particular interest and specialize in it. Specializations can be based on a particular species, organism, behavior, technique, or ecosystem. For example, marine biologists may choose to study a single species of clams, or all clams that are native to a climate or region. Marine life is a vast resource, providing food, medicine, and raw materials, in addition to helping to support recreation and tourism all over the world. At a fundamental level, marine life helps determine the very nature of our planet. Marine organisms contribute significantly to the oxygen cycle, and are involved in the regulation of the Earth's climate.Shorelines are in part shaped and protected by marine life, and some marine organisms even help create new land. history The history of marine biology may have begun as early as 1200 BC when the Phoenicians began ocean voyages using celestial navigation. References to the sea and its mysteries abound in Greek mythology, particularly the Homeric poems "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey". However, these two sources of ancient history mostly refer to the sea as a means of transportation and food source. It wasn't until the writings of Aristotle from 384-322 BC that specific references to marine life were recorded. Aristotle identified a variety of species including crustaceans, echinoderms, mollusks, and fish. He also recognized that cetaceans are mammals, and that marine vertebrates are either oviparous (producing eggs that hatch outside the body) or viviparous (producing eggs that hatch within the body). Because he is the first to record observations on marine life, Aristotle is often referred to as the father of marine biology.

Dishonest Graft essays

Dishonest Graft essays George Washington Plunkitt declared that there is a difference between honest graft and dishonest graft. He and other Tammany politicians engaged in "honest graft." They didn't steal a dollar from the city treasury. They just saw their opportunities and took them within the law. The dishonest graft was that the penny grabbing thieving politicians robbing the city treasury, levying blackmail on diorderly house, or working in with the gamblers and lawbreakers. The actions of dishonest graft would against law. An example of "honest graft" would be when Plunkitt knew that city was going to lay out a new park at a certain place, he bought up all the land he can in the neighborhood. After the board of this or that made its plan public, the value of the land would increase. He could get huge profit from the actions like that. Another example would be he knew there was a new bridge they were going to build. He bought as much property that had to be taken for approaches. He sold at higher price later. The last example of "honest graft" was an old granite blocks action hold by city. George W. Plunkitt bid and got 250,000 fine paving stones with $2.50 by uniting his rivals. The first example of "dishonest graft" would be politicians and city officials robbing and stealing the city money or property by using their political power. Another example of "dishonest graft" would be city officials demanding the payoffs from prostitutes and gamblers with the promise that their businesses would not be shut down by the police. ...

5 Tips for Passing the Bar Exam

5 Tips for Passing the Bar Exam Youve successfully made your way through law school and now youre one two-day test, the bar exam, away from becoming a lawyer. The first piece of advice: celebrate your JD quickly and then move on to bar exam prep immediately after graduation. Time is ticking. Here are five more tips to help you pass the bar exam. Sign up for a Bar Review Course You may wonder why after three years of very expensive schooling you are now expected to pay even more money to learn what you thought you were supposed to be learning during law school. But now is not the time for you to worry about the cost of bar exam prep. Be as economical as possible, by all means, but think about what it would mean to you, financially, to fail the bar, face employers without a license to practice law, and have to pay to take the bar exam again. If you are really strapped for cash, there are special bar exam loans available exactly for this purpose. Why sign up for a bar review course? Well, those who take bar review courses have great passage rates for a reason- the course employees study and analyze exams so they know what examiners are likely to test on and what they are looking for in answers; they can steer you to hot topics and train you how to deliver the right answers, and that is what is most important during the bar exam. Yes, you need to know and understand the fundamentals of the main areas of law, but all the legal knowledge in the world wont help if you dont know how to frame your answer as the graders want to read it. Tell Everyone You Know Not to Expect to See You for Two Months Thats a bit of an exaggeration, but not by much. Do not plan on doing anything else during those two months between graduation and the bar exam except study. Yes, you will have nights off and even whole days off here and there, which are essential for relaxing your brain but dont schedule work, planning of family events, or other serious obligations during the two months before the bar exam. Quite simply, the bar exam should be your full-time job during those months of studying; your promotion will come when you get the results that you passed. Make a Studying Schedule and Stick to It Your bar review course will most likely provide you a recommended schedule, and if you manage to abide by it, youll be doing well. The main subjects tested on the bar exam will be the same basic courses you took the first year of law school, so be sure to dedicate huge chunks of time to Contracts, Torts, Constitutional Law, Criminal Law and Procedure, Property, and Civil Procedure. States vary as to the other subjects tested, but by signing up for a bar review course, youll have the inside track on those as well. A very basic bar exam prep study schedule can set aside a week to study each topic, including practice questions. That will leave you two weeks to devote time to trouble areas and to more nuanced areas of law that might be covered on your states bar exam. One tip here on studying: think about making flashcards. In the process of writing them, youll be forced to condense rules of law into short snippets to fit on a card, exactly as youll need to provide them in bar exam essays- and they just might sink into your brain as you write. Take Practice Bar Exams A large part of your preparation time should be spent taking practice bar exams, both multiple choice and essays, under exam-like conditions. You dont need to sit down and take an entire two days every week to take practice bar exams, but be sure you are doing enough multiple choice questions and essays so you have a good feel for the exam structure. Just like when you were preparing for the LSAT, the more comfortable you become with the test and its format, the more youll be able to concentrate on the material and getting the answers correct. Start doing practice questions even as early as the first week of studying; no, you wont get everything right, but if you pay attention to what you got wrong, those principles are likely to stick in your head even more than if you had simply tried to memorize them through studying. And, as an added bonus, if the questions were included in bar prep materials, they are also likely to be similar to those that will appear on the bar exam. Think Positively If you graduated in the top half of your law school class, chances are extremely good that you will pass the bar. If you graduated in the next quartile, the likelihood that youll pass is still pretty good. Why? Because bar exams, no matter what state, test your competence to be a lawyer and not how great a lawyer you will be- and that means you need only earn a solid C on the exam to pass. If youve passed law school, theres no reason you cant pass the bar exam on the first try. This doesnt mean you should rest on your law school accomplishments and assume youll pass, of course. You still need to put the time and effort into learning and applying the materials, but the odds are in your favor that youll pass. Most states have higher than 50% pass rates. Remember those numbers when stress starts setting in. Just remember that it will all be over in mere weeks. With the right bar exam prep, youll never have to go through it again.